South dakota wildlife department

. Choose how to group the blog entries:. Yesterday, March 2, it was the festival of large the mothers, on this occasion, the florists often propose jonquils or more exactly of the narcisses Narcissus is a kind of herbaceous long-lived of the family of Amaryllidaceae (or Liliaceae), according to traditional classification. Phylogenetic classification proposes to arrange this kind of the subfamily of Amaryllidoideae of the family of Alliaceae. It is the kind of the true narcisses and the true jonquil. There are several species and of many horticultural varieties. These are indeed plants whose beauty is very appreciated in the gardens but which are generally toxic. The narcisses are bulbous plants, with basal sheets and hollow stems, bearing of one with several flowers. The flowers comprise six petaloid tepals. Cheesecloths, six, are inserted in a crown (or paracorolle) out of cut or trumpet. The fruit is a trefoil capsule generally containing many seeds. Their flowering takes place in March or April, the flowers being of white or yellow color according to species'. Their strong odor can give the migraine, with the example of the yellow Narcisse. It proves to be, while growing, of an exceptional beauty but of a very proud nature: it pushes back the Écho nymph as well as many others claiming which are in love with him. One day that it is watered with a source, it sees its reflection in water and in tomb in love. It then remains of long days close to the source to be contemplated and despair never to be able to catch up with its own image. It ends up decaying then by dying, and is cried by its s?urs the naïads. At the place where his body is withdrawn, one discovers white flowers: in fact the flowers today bear the name of narcisses. Nonnos brings back an appreciably different version however: making of Narcisse the son of Endymion and Séléné, it lends a s?ur binocular to him of which it is very enthusiast. Thus when this one dies, it takes the practice to go close to a source where, being able to contemplate itself, it remembers the image of its s?ur which resembled to him exactly the yellow Narcisse (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), also called Narcisse trumpet, is a plant monocotylédone kind of the narcisses and the family of Amaryllidacées. It is one of the most common narcisses in Europe, among the wild narcisses. It often pushes in important colonies, in the meadows and the forests. Its distribution in Europe is very heterogeneous: it can be very common by places and very rare in others. One often regards this Narcisse as commun run in almost all France up to 2 000 m of altitude. Its gathering is however regulated in Doubs, the Jura and the Haute-Saône inter alia. It is protected in Mayenne, for example, and in some areas of Germany. A subspecies, Narcissus pseudonarcissus nobilis, are protected in Hungary. One meets the yellow Narcisse as much in the meadows that the forests, the coppices and the edges of the ways. One also finds it in the gardens, after introduction of wild bulbs. It is then adventitious or can remain long enough if the ground is rather wet. This Narcisse is herbaceous long-lived thanks to an ovoid bulb, it is very poisonous. He is covered with oxalate needles which cause painful ignitions. The stem glabrous, is flattened enough, two angles are visible along the pole. The plant generally makes between 20 and 40 cm in height. The sheets are punts though rather charnues, the ends are round. They all are linear, broad from 4 to 15 Misters They exceed sometimes the stem in length. They are gathered by 2, 3, 4 or 5, always at the base of the plant. They are of color blue-green. Each flower is solitary, normally yellow. A flower is made up of 3 petals and 3 petaloid sepals, are 6 tepals. Those are surmounted by a paracorolle which takes the shape of a widened central tube. This funnel has notched or lobed contour. The 6 tepals are welded onto half their length then are spread out of star around the central tube. Each part of the perianth, i.e. the tepals and the tube, have even length: between 15 and 25 mm the 6 tepals are of a yellow paler than the central tube. Bractée at the base of each flower is in addition of a yellow even paler. Finally with the c?ur of the paracorolle, 6 short attached cheesecloths are visible. The mean style and its mark are rather reduced. The fruit is a trigonal capsule a little charnue. The seeds fall to the foot from the plant. The Narcisse of the poets (Narcissus poeticus) is a plant of the family of Amaryllidacées. The Narcisse is known since Antiquity for a medicinal use. Pline the Old one described it as a plant which weighed down the spirit and made idiotic. The Narcisse of the poets is used in perfumery. It is a small plant not exceeding 20 cm, to two or four green, linear, thread-like sheets basal. The stem is spindly, carrying in theory only one flower. The six tepals and the crown, at the end of a long tube green-yellow, are exactly of the same color (yellow gilded). The crown, out of cut, is slightly crenelated. The doubtful Narcisse (Narcissus dubius) is a small especially Mediterranean plant, flowering at the beginning of spring in the rocky places limestones. It is a plant with entirely white tepals and crown. Hugues Aufray - jonquils with the last lilacs I knew Émilie with the first jonquils. It was so pretty jonquils with the last lilacs. In the deadened farm, each time I was going to see it, His/her father with a rifle awaited me behind the feeding trough. He drove out me with the last jonquils, shot Me jonquils with the last lilacs. One day, in the barn with the wolves, the first jonquils, It jumped on my knees of the jonquils to the last lilacs. A fork pricked me, I was raised while howling. I in vain flees through wood, his/her father threw me in the pond. He pricked me with the first jonquils And me fourcha of the jonquils to the last lilacs. In the attic, on the hay, with the first jonquils, Taken his/her daughter and drank her wine of the jonquils to the last lilacs. His/her father, seeing the table, made known me a little later frogs and the clamping plates at the bottom of the duck pond. He insulted me with the first jonquils And drowned me jonquils with the last lilacs. I knew salt and lead with the first jonquils. I knew the pig trough of the jonquils to the last lilacs. I left my loves there, thousand times I came very close to death. I go, I go to the first jonquils Of pre to the wood of the jonquils to the last lilacs. Pontus of TYARD (1521-1605) - Epigram of the fountain of Narcisse Narcisse loves his sister, her dear twin sister, Her sister also for him burns extreme heat. One in the other feels to be a second oneself: What she wants for him, he also wants for it. Of similar beauty is this couple beautiful, And similar is the fire which makes that one the other likes, But the sister is first with which Parks it pale Ferme young the one night old eyes eternal. Narcisse in water sees himself, thinking of it of seeing his sister. This to think repaît it of a vain softness, Which run in its heart, reduces its sorrow to him. Of him its name retained the in love fountain, In which receives, whoever liking is reflected there, Some soft allegiance with in love martyrdom. Thank you in Claudine who offered this photograph to me the swans are a group of large water birds of the family of anatidés. They are water birds of average size to large (from 30 to 180 cm), to the massive body, the short and webbed legs and the nozzle generally flattened and rounded at the end. The ducks present a sexual dimorphism Net, it is not the case in the swans and geese. The young people are nidifuges and their development is fast (a few weeks). Their dense plumage is waterproofed thanks to secretions of the gland uropygienne. Cosmopolitans except for the Antarctic, they live in a broad variety of watery habitats, nesting especially out of fresh water. Their diet is very eclectic, energy of the strict herbivores to the carnivores while passing by the planctivores. Only certain varieties of anatidés are recognized as servants by the French legislation in the official list of the Department of the Environment. However, some species have a black plumage. The small ones of the swan are called cygneaux. The swan is the bird dedicated to Apollon in Greek mythology. Right before dying, the swan would sing more and with more force. This characteristic gave the expression which goes up with Greek Antiquity (in reference to the last speech of Socrate condemned to died for impiété). The black Swan (Cygnus atratus) owes its name with the colouring of its plumage. It is originating in Australia where it niche in very dense colonies contrary to the tuberculé swan. It attends the large lakes generally not very deep. The black swan can be met on certain water levels, into parks in Europe, it was also introduced in New Zealand. The world population is estimated between 300 000 and 500 000 individuals. The silver plated variety is considered as servant. Its plumage is white, except the neck and the head which are black, the adults have a red bump at the base of the nozzle. It lives the south of South America, of the Falkland Islands until the south-east of Brazil. It is an inhabitant of the lakes, fresh water marsh and lagoons as well brackish. It is a gregarious bird except during the period of nesting where the males become very aggressive. The nest is placed in the vegetation close to water. Among all the swans, it is that which is most awkward with ground because the small length of its legs. The southernmost populations are migrating, wintering mainly in the north of Argentina. The population lies between 26 000 and 100 000 individuals. This species is not threatened. The tuberculé Swan or dumb Swan is most common of the kind in Europe in summer, in particular in the North of France. In France, manpower have strongly increased for 30 years. Some of these birds are considered there as servants. It is also present in Great Britain, in the north and in the center of Europe, in the north and in the center of Asia. It was introduced in North America, in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. It is also met in a sporadic way in Asia, as far as China. It is one of the species of palmipède most accustomed to the man, which is due partly to its breadth (125 to 155 cm). It can become aggressive, especially at the time of the period of nesting. It forms part of the wild species having the greatest sensitivity to stock H5N1 of the virus responsible for the aviary influenza. The world population is estimated between 600 000 and 620 000 individuals. The plumage of the adults is white, whereas the youthful ones have a brown plumage grisâtre or white. The nozzle is orange with a black bump at the base: the tuber. This one is much larger in the male in period of reproduction. It nourishes mainly watery plants, molluscs and small watery organizations. It is also nourished on the ground of terrestrial plants and of some invertebrates (small snails, slugs or insects eaten with the sheets that it introduces) It can splash to be nourished by rocking the head in water. When the depth allows it and the top muddy funds, it agitates the legs under water. This movement digs a funnel or the heaviest organizations accumulate, being then easier to eat. It niche on various water levels in a wild state or in semi freedom: lakes, rivers, ponds, parks. The incubation is assured mainly by the female in a nest made branches to same the ground, on the edge of a water level. The cygnus immutabilis (or white swan Polish) is a bird very close to the cygnus olor (or tuberculé swan). It is different primarily by the color from its legs: yellows at his place, gray at the other. The swan trumpet (Cygnus buccinator) is one of the largest swans originating in North America. This bird has a white plumage, a long neck, a short nozzle and black which extends to the eyes and from short black legs. Its scale can reach 3 meters. The cygneaux ones have a gray sleeping bag which becomes white plumage after the first year. The swan trumpet can use the same nest of the years during and the swans often couple themselves for the life. The young people are able to swim very quickly after their birth but can fly only from 3 or 4 months. The swans trumpet nourish watery plants which they catch while swimming, rocking their head under water in order to reach the submerged vegetation. During the winter, they can also nourish grass and seeds in the meadows. The young people are initially nourished insects and small shellfish, and change for a mode vegetarian after a few months. The name of swan trumpet comes from the cry which the bird pushes and which resembles the sound of a trumpet. The swan trumpet was present at the origin in very whole North America but was driven out until its almost extinction at the beginning of the XXe century. The current population is estimated at 18 000 individuals, the species is completely protected on the unit from its surface from distribution. The Eurasian subspecies the Swan of Bewick Cygnus columbianus bewickii is sometimes regarded as a distinct species. The whistling swan has a nozzle to 90 % black, the remainder is yellow. The Eurasian species has a yellow nozzle half, half black. This bird whistles as it flies. The world population is estimated at 300 000 birds. The Swan of Bewick is the Siberian subspecies of the whistling swan. It is characterized some by the yellow much wider on the nozzle. It is sometimes regarded as a species with whole share. It is one of the symbols of the Prefecture of Aomori, in Japan. The plumage is entirely white, its yellow and black nozzle. The birds nourishing itself in ferruginous water often have the reddish tinted plumage. The swan singer niche mainly in the Arctic tundra (Russia, Scandinavia, Iceland) where it attends the water levels like the lakes or the ponds. In France, it winters in small number in Alsace and Lorraine. The cry is noisy, resembling blows of trumpet. The couples are permanent, the male and the female builds the nest together. The species is gregarious apart from the season of reproduction. It is nourished as well in water as on ground in particular in winter in the cereal fields. Pass, colors, since any master key. On sand did not leave trace. The tears with which your heart is full. The white swans, in the channels of the died cities, Among pale water where the old walls are transferred With worn blacks of prints and etchings, the swans go like dream between the quays. And the evening, about gently stirred up water, These unforeseen swans, coming one does not know from where, Mangent moon flowers by lengthening the neck. However these swans, in fact hearts of naguères lived only hardly and will reappear later, Poètes learning themselves with silences from art, Which are still purified in these white sanctuaries, Fleurir with tears a glory and nimbi, Ames which will take again their work stopped And remain in these channels as in limbs. But the royal swans feeling death to come will start to sing among this plaintive water And their almost human voice will meurtrir banks Of an air to start rather than to finish. Because in your anguish, ô large distinguished birds, child-poets who will live again by keeping Something of you, the ancestors, swans. Rene-François SULLY PRUDHOMME (1839-1907) - the swan Without noise, under the mirror of the deep lakes and calm, the swan drives out the wave with its broad palms. the sleeping bag of its sides is similar A of snows of April which collapse with the sun. But, firm and of a white chechmate, vibrating under the zéphire, Its large wing involves it as well as a slow ship. It draws up its beautiful collar above the reeds, plunges It, walks it lengthened on water, curves It gracious like a profile of acanthus, And hides its black nozzle in its bright throat. Sometimes along the pines, stay of shade and peace, It curves, and leaving the thick pastures Traîner behind him like a hair, And which cries an eternal absent, It likes the source: it y rôde. a sheet of willow In silence fallen effleure its shoulder. Sometimes it pushes with the broad one, and, far from obscure wood, It chooses, to celebrate its whiteness which it admires. Then, when the edges of water are not distinguished any more, A the hour when any form is a confused spectrum, Where the horizon browns, striped of a long red feature, Whereas not a snap ring, not a glaïeul does not move, That the tree frogs make in the serene air their noise And that the firefly with the moonlight shone, the bird, in the dark lake, where under him reflects the one night splendour lacteous and violet, Like a money vase among the wing, between two firmaments. Camélidés are mammals artiodactyles. The family of camélidés includes/understands, currently, 3 kinds and 7 species: * Camelus ferus (wild camel of Tartarie) which recently, is recognized like a species appreciably different from the domestic species of Bactriane. These the last two kinds live in the new world whereas first is originating in Afrique/Asie. Camélidés are the only mammals which have red blood corpuscles which kept their core. The prehistoric man drove out camélidés for their flesh. The South American species were especially used for their wool, and the species of the Old World as pack and draft animals. Since the 19th century, the Westerners also tried to acclimatize camélidés in Europe, North America and Australia. The white LAMA or LAMA (LAMA glama) one is camélidé domestic of South America Before the unloading of the Spaniards on the South American continent, the LAMA was the only domestic animal there. Used as beast of burden, it also was very snuffed for its fur and its meat. It thus fulfilled the functions there of horse, b?uf and sheep. In the beginning, spangled them were not confined with the part of the American continent located at the south of Panama Canal as they are it nowadays. The cranium generally resembles that of the camel, but its size is smaller. The nasal bones shorter and broader, are joined by the prémaxillaire. The teeth of the adults are of 32 teeth. The ears are rather long and round. The feet are close, the toes are more separate than in the camels, and have each one their distinct arch of the foot. The tail is short, and the long and woolly fur. The vertebrae are distributed as follows:. This spittle consists of gastric régurgitations. The guanaco (LAMA guanicoe) one is camélidé wild present in South America Connected with the LAMA it was not domesticated, contrary to this last. Genetic analyses showed that the LAMA goes down in fact from the guanaco. The fur of the guanaco is uniformly brown and reddish. Its muzzle and its ears are gray noirâtre, while the belly or of the legs are white. Seldom going up to more than 3 000 meters of altitude, one Currently meets it of southernmost Peru to the Earth of Fire it is more widespread in Patagonie where it generally lives into small groups of a score of individuals led by a male dominating. The principal natural enemies of the guanaco are the puma and for the young animals, the condor. However the man exterminating the animals for their fur of quality constitutes the most frightening enemy. The alpaca is a domestic mammal ruminant close to spangled. The adult alpaca measures approximately 90 centimetres with the garrot and approximately 150 centimetres to the point of the ears. In its natural environment, the Andes, in South America, the alpaca lives with approximately 4500 meters of altitude, it has the sure foot. It is a pet, approval and ornament. It is very calm and soft, with a natural affinity for the children, it keeps a certain independence without being savage. It is a very curious and very intelligent animal, it has any aggressiveness, neither towards the man, nor towards other animals. The wool of alpaca is a fibre of very high range, softer, hotter, more resistant and lighter than wool of sheep. One can mow it every year, but its fleece can be kept 2 even 3 years. Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) is a species of South American mammal, of the family of camélidés. It is the only species of the Vicugna kind. Vicuna has a height with the garrot from 0,7 to 1,10 meters and it is long 1,40 to two meters, which makes of it smallest of camélidés. Vicuna has a long and muscular neck and a fine muzzle. Its short tail is fawn-coloured on the top and white or beige below. Its ears are long, pointed and fine, its legs, long and fine also. The lower incisors of vicuna are very long and they push continuously, as in the rodents. Its back, its neck, its head and the front of its legs are of fawn-coloured color, contrary to its chest and behind of its legs which them are of white color. Its peeling is consisted of the finest fibre after silk. Its breast piece decorates long white hairs which can measure up to 30 centimetres length. Its weight varies between 40 and 60 kilogrammes. Vicuna lives in groups made up of a male, two or three females and the their small ones in 80 % of the cases. These groups are called harems. In 20 % of the cases, some unmarried males gather inside the same territory. Vicuna is a diurnal animal, because it grazes during the day and it ruminates the night while sleeping. Vicunas in harems maintain a small distance between them, except the male which is held to 10 or 15 meters of the group. Vicuna does not have a shelter when it puts its small low, it does it in full meadow. As for its long neck, it is used to him as beam to stabilize it during the race. Vicuna nourishes only the graminaceous ones as well as other herbaceous plants. Among the savage animals, the puma, the fox of the Andes and the condor are the principal predatory ones of vicuna. But the human one, with the assistance of the dog, drove out enormously since the arrival of the Spaniards, in 1532. Whereas there were 1,5 of them million for the INCA period, their number fell in a dramatic way until it does not remain about it almost more, in 1965. Since, a severe law prohibited the hunting of the vicuna, which does not need thus officially more to fear the man. Vicuna lives exclusively in South America, mainly in the central Andes. This fabric is extremely difficult to manufacture, its invoice is mainly manual. The name of the kind (Camelus) comes from Latin Camelus coming itself from the Greek kamélos. This term is itself derived from the third proto-sinaïtic letter of the alphabet gamel (which gave gamma in Greek). With the origin this letter represented a bump which while being inclined gave C of the Latin alphabet. The term "camel" is a generic term including as well the camel with two bumps as the dromedary. Their females or small are called all "chamelle" and "chamelon". The camelus kind comprises two species: - Camelus bactrianus - the camel of Bactriane which has two bumps and is of Asian origin. - Camelus dromedarius - the dromedary, which has only one bump, and lives in the west of the Asian continent and in North Africa. Camels as dromedaries were for a long time domesticated, and the two species are used as animals of pack to cross the desert. The man uses also their wool, their milk and their meat. Even their excrements are recovered to be used as fuel to the caravaneers. According to certain specialists, the dromedary would go down from the species bactriennes to two bumps. The embryo indeed has two bumps and the adult presents a rudimentary former bump. The size with the garrot varies according to types' between 1,80 and 2,30 Mr. like the giraffe and of the bear, the camel goes to the pace (it advances while raising the 2 legs on the same side). The bumps of the camels constitute energy reserves, full of fat content where the palmitic acid, the oleic acid and the stearic acid dominate. They also have remarkable adaptive mechanisms to dehydration. This one is allowed by the emission of a very concentrated urine. However, the excretion of the elements of which elimination requires great quantities of water (glucose, urea in particular) is controlled in a rigorous way. In addition it has mechanisms of recycling of the products of digestion like urea, enabling him to be satisfied fodder of nutritive low value. What enables him to support very long periods of fast (one month) without drinking and eating, under very hot climates (or very cold). A camel, when it pushes a cry, blatère. The camels are originating in the Central Asia, the first species (Camelus bactrianus) was found in its wild form in the Gobi Desert. Although there are almost 20 million dromedaries today, the species is unknown in a wild state in Africa or Asia. One would currently count between 100 and 500 000 wild dromedaries especially in the desert of Simpson. The most important populations are in Somalia, in Sudan, in Mauritania, in India and in Ethiopia the camel is rather used in the Central Asia. In the Southern Asia, minor Asia and Africa, it is the dromedary which replaces it. The camel of Bactriane or domestic camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a species of native artiodactyle of the steppes of Asia of the east. It is a mammal ruminant with lubricating dorsal bumps of the family of camélidés. The wild species has the characteristic to be able to drink salted water. The camels of Bactriane measure approximately 2 meters with the bump and weigh more than 725 kg. They are phytophagous, they eat grass, sheets and seeds, they are capable of ingurgiter 120 liters of water into only once. Their mouth is extremely hard, which enables them to eat the thorny plants of the desert. Their thick and woolly fur protects them from the night cold and the heat of the day. Domestication would be former to 2500 before J. With the end of the XIXe century, the famous Russian explorer, Nikolaï Prjevalski found true camels wild in the desert of Lobnor. From a first hearth located in Bactriane, the area between current Iran and Turkménistan, they would have been then spread elsewhere. They are used as animals of pack to cross the desert. The man uses also their wool, their milk and their meat. Even their excrements are recovered to be used as fuel to the caravaneers. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) is a domestic mammal of the family of camélidés and Camelus kind. For this reason, it is not erroneous to qualify a dromedary of "camel", it is only vague. The word dromedary is drawn from the Greek word dromas, which means runner. The camel has two bumps whereas the dromedary has of them only one but in the f?tus, the dromedary presents two bumps. During the gestation of chamelle, the two bumps are based in a bump little before the birth. Nowadays, the dromedary is the animal of the hot deserts of Africa, the Close relation and the Middle East. The ancestor of the camelus kind appeared 50 million years ago. There are 2 to 3 million years the ancestor of the dromedary would have penetrated in Africa. The dromedaries existed already in the Horn of Africa during prehistory, one found teeth in Ethiopia and paintings in Somalia and in Djibouti. The relation between the man and the dromedary goes up in front thousand-year-old IIe. The sines are full and deep and proceed, so of the adaptability of the dromedary to the desert life. The dromedary presents a sinusal bag plugs side which is observed at no other species. Such an anatomy makes it possible the dromedary to recover a significant part of water at the time of the expiry by the nasal ways. The osseous part of the velum is narrow, which facilitates the externalization of its soft part in the male in period of rut. Like the near total of the mammals and in spite length of its neck, the dromedary has 7 cervical vertebrae. The bones of the members are long, translating the distance of the body (thorax and abdomen) of the ground when the animal is held upright. Like the majority of the mammals, the dromedary has temporary teeth (baby teeth) and permanent teeth. The dental formula of the first includes/understands 22 teeth. In the adult animal, the permanent dental formula includes/understands 34 teeth on the whole and grows rich by the presence of molars. It is the observation aid which the nomads have to determine the age of the animal. The wear of the teeth can be fast because of the conditions environmental and food (abrasive role of sand) and thus the longevity of the dromedary is some reduced. Although it can reach the 40 years age, it is not very frequent to observe animals of more than 20 years because of the failure of teeth. The skin is thick, especially on the back. At the zones of contact with the ground at the time when the animal puts itself in baraquée position, it is covered with a cutaneous fabric horn, thick, of dark color. One of the anatomical elements which clearly distinguishes the dromedary from the other ruminants is the nature of the foot. The bump of the dromedary is not a reserve of water, but of energy. The bump is a cluster of grease blanchâtre which can exceed 100 kg for an animal in full form and nourished well. This localised accumulation avoids the dissemination of the fat in subcutaneous area in the other parts of the body. Its presence on the back of the animal also ensures a role in thermoregulation to him. The animal cools better because it is less fatty. It is the only animal with being able to transform grease into water by physiological reactions of oxidation (up to 40 liters for an animal in good form). In hot season, it can occur from drinking during 2 to 3 weeks and in fresh season during 4 to 5 weeks. After a long period of deprivation the dromedary is capable of ingurgiter 200 liters of water in 3 minutes. It is the only mammal able to drink as much water in if little time. Indeed, in the other animals, the absorption of a too great quantity of water involves the bursting of the red globules, therefore death. The male is put at reproduction between 6 and 12 years. Too much young person, it is not productive enough and too old man the weakening of the period does not allow him to provide his functions. For the male, the coupling lasts 11 to 15 minutes, 3 to 4 times per day. The best reproducers can cover up to 70 chamelles per season. The female is seldom put at the male before 4 years. The nominal period so that it reproduces is 4 to 20 years. During all its life, it will carry from 3 to 7 chamelons. At the time of the low setting, the chamelle one deviates from the herd and is put in baraquée position. the chamelon him risk either to be crushed, or to be choked under it. For the period of lactation the chamelle one provides 12 to 18 liters milk per day for its chamelon and the nomads can take some up to 8 liters. Milk is 3 times richer than the cow's milk in protein and vitamin C. The dromedary is high for its meat or its milk, to even carry out agricultural work. It was used with fine soldiers for the warlike loads in the battle or for the transport of troops and materials. The dromedary is essential to the nomads which exploit it for his productions of work, leather, milk and meat. The méhari are appreciated as dromedary of goes up. _ in certain country, there be some race of dromedary Good God, which charm, which smile and I him tighten my ear hollow Whereas it start a song Which come me bead on the face I it essuie thus of end of finger Which bite in a new verse I be there, the elbow on the thigh it be somebody with balcony Which have reverse its glass of Evian In line hot with my bench It be more some the rain, it be some flake Like a species of snow melting But, name of God, say me that I dream Like some scum in the lipstick à lèvres But Then it puts some and more that squirts. Me, I was thirsty for your stories. It is worse than the torment of the drop the producers, that laughs, it is rich And that takes to us for idiots Y should say it, on the posters the second approached. the third dared to make. Habituation thus returns to us very familiar. What appeared terrible to us and singular. And since us fallen here on this subject, One had put people at the guet, Which seeing on water by far certain object. A few moments after, the object becomes scathing attack, Enfin floating sticks on the wave. By far it is something, and of close it is nothing. It is in Europe a traditional plant, with the houx, of the festivals of Christmas and end of the year. It is called also wood of Holy Cross. In Christmas, and the New Year's Day at midnight precisely, the tradition, in Europe, wants that one embraces oneself under a branch of GUI, symbol of prosperity and long life. The season wanting that the GUI abounds, one gathered some as of the Middle Ages to offer it with this wish: badly formulate which was replaced later by "Good year, year, God either céans" (or in the house). "Good and holy year, the paradise at the end of your days". the GUI is a fascinating sub-shrub, after a few years, the appearance of a large ball yellowish green of 50 cm to one meter in diameter. In winter, after the fall of the sheets, it becomes easily locatable in the trees. Certain branches can reach 60 cm height. It is fixed at its host by one to suçoir primary of conical form which is inserted deeply to wood, without being able to penetrate woody fabric. However, the increase in wood in thickness by the formation of the annual rings ends up more deeply including this to suçoir. The observation on a cut branch of the depression of these suçoirs in the rings of wood makes it possible to determine the age of the tuft, which can reach 30 years. The green stems, of cylindrical section, have a dichotomic mode of ramification in consequence of the abortion of the final bud. This dichotomy is not however absolute, it can arrive that more than two branches leave same the n?ud. The successive ramifications lead to the shape of ball, their number making it possible to evaluate the age of the plant. Their limb, coriace, from 5 to 6 cm length, is traversed by five parallel veins. They persist 18 months at two years making of the GUI an always green plant. The GUI is a dioïc plant, with thus tufts with female flowers and others with male flowers, and a flowering in March and April. It can happen that the close tufts are overlapping giving the impression of feet hermaphrodites. The flowers, sessile, yellowish, are grouped in small inflorescences inserted into the level of the n?uds of the stems. With flowering, they let appear pollen on their internal face. The female flowers comprise four tepals surmounting an ovary infère welded with the receptacle. Pulp consists of viscin, sticking substance which contributes to fixing seeds on the branches of the plant-hosts. The fruits mature between August and December and germinate only next spring. It is a species present especially in the areas of plains and hills. The Greeks associated the GUI Hermès, large messenger of Olympe, but also god of health. Time of Gallic, the druids went in forest to cut the crowned GUI, the sixth day of the Celtic year. This expression will be modernized with the Middle Ages in. In Brittany, at the XIXe century still, the children were going to knock on the doors of the middle-class houses by shouting "corn germinates" and they received New Year's gifts. The GUI gathered on the oak - rare thing - was particularly required because this tree symbolized the force and the power. According to a Scandinavian legend, the god sun, Baldut, had been killed by an arrow manufactured with a stem of GUI by the Loki demon. His/her mother, Preyla, beseeched the other gods for her return to the life, and this one became the symbol of the love and forgiveness. In pharmacopeia one uses the sheets and the small branches, they have several properties: The GUI was formerly prescribed against the epilepsy, the nervous disorders, for the regulation of the glandular activities, the rate of heartbeat and digestion. The young person-growths sheets of spring are used in gemmothérapie - the foliage of the GUI was sometimes used like forages to supplement the food of the cattle at the bad season. It was considered to support the lactation of the cows and the goats. - the fruits of the GUI, once macerated, fermented and cooked, give a fine and very adhesive adhesive which was used as lime (lime of the bird-catchers). - the tufts of GUI with their fruits are preserved very well during weeks even months in own way of ornament for example. It is enough to soak the ends of the stems cut in water and to change this one from time to time. Quickly water dyes the brown pale one, but curiously, even the putrefaction of this water, at least in these first stages, does not affect the health of the GUI. - a Buprestide Coleopter lives exclusively in the wood of the GUI: Agrilus viscivorus. This species threatened by the cut of the old orchards is announced in France since 2005. It is one of the very many species of the Ilex kind, and the only one which pushes spontaneously in Europe. It is a rather common species of underwood in Europe up to 1 500 m of altitude. The term "houx" comes from francic the hulis which also gave the verb "to scold". The root is found in Dutch hulst. A planted place of houx is called a holly-plantation or a holly-grove. In English, Hollywood also means wood of houx. The common houx is a shrub with very slow growth, with bushy port, whose adult size is generally four to six meters. Certain feet can form genuine trees. There exists in forest of Isle-Adam (Valley-of Oise) a 18 height m column-like houx. The houx can live up to hundred years and beyond that. Its bark is gray pale and smooth. With a dark brilliant green to their higher face, paler on their lower face, they are provided with sharp-edged spines. Certain varieties have the mixed foliage of white. These sheets generally persist three years. It is a dioïc species (with male individuals and females separate), one can nevertheless find individuals monoïc. The petals are welded at the base (flowers gamopétales). Cheesecloths alternate with the petals and are welded at the base of the corolla. The male flowers carry only cheesecloths. The feet females need at least a male foot in the surroundings to bear fruit. These fruits which murissent at the end of the summer are toxic. Hard and homogeneous, rather heavy wood (density: 0,95), is of color white grisâtre, browning with the age. The houx contains in its foliage like in the fruits of toxic alkaloids, in particular of the illicine. The consumption of the fruits is likely to involve digestive vomiting and disorders, even if the quantity is more important neurological disorders. In certain areas of Europe, like Alsace, of white alcohol is produced starting from fermented and distilled fruits. The houx is very often cultivated in the gardens for its decorative qualities. It is an also useful species to form hedges semi-defensives. The wood of houx is a wood little running because it is rare that one cuts well formed trees. It is a wood nevertheless appreciated model makers, inlayers and turners, in particular for the manufacture of the white parts of the sets of failures. It is dense, with fine grain and of color very white and relatively easy to work. The most famous object out of wooden of houx is the cane of walk of Goethe, visible with the museum of Weimar. The internal bark of the houx was used to prepare the lime, substance viscous employee to trap the birds. The houx, sometimes associated with the beech was used in certain areas of France to carry out naturally insuperable hedges of fence by the cattle. Its form buissonnante is interesting also to form a cover with game in wood. The floral elixir prepared starting from the flowers of the houx is known under anglophone name Holly. Since the night of times, the houx is the symbol of religious or pagan festivals. For the Christians, the houx is indeed specifically associated the birth of the Jesus Child. Saved, Marie blesses the bush of houx and wished that there remain always green to remember it its protection and like symbol immortality. - In the language of the flowers and the plants, the houx is the symbol of insensitivity. - the family of Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec, discoverer of the Kerguelen islands, had for emblem the houx and a currency green in all times. Besides the name Kerguelen refers into Breton to a planted place of houx (= Kelenn into Breton). This collection was recognized like national collection in 1991 by the Academy of the specialized vegetable collections (CCVS). The goat is a herbivorous mammal and ruminant, pertaining to the family of the Bovidae, subfamily of caprinés or caprine. The goats can be in a wild state, but most of the time, they are domesticated. They are high for their milk, their leather, their hair and their meat. Appeared: to make become somebody goat: to abrutir by badger it, to irritate it. To spare the goat and cabbage: to avoid engaging. not to decide for one or the other party. The goats seem to be initially domesticated approximately 10 000 years ago in the Zagros Mounts in Iran. The old tribes started to easily raise them to have under the hand of milk, the hairs, the meat and the skins. The domestic goat's milk cheeses were generally kept in herds which moved on the hills or other fields of pasture. The chevriers who looked after them were often children or teenagers, Historiquement, the goatskin was used for the transport of water and the wine. It was also used to produce the parchment, which was the support more employed to write in Europe until the invention of printing works. With more than 400 million heads, the goats represent the 4th herd of domestic animals in the world and decline themselves in many races: it is of Swiss origin and very white, it is one of best dairy: long hairs, of various colors, specialized in cheese: its dress is maroon, it is most widespread: of Turkish origin, it has the long, white hairs and very ends. They are useful for the clothes industry of the wool mohair: it can be high only with the Cashmere (between India and Tibet) its production of wool is per annum only 50 to 60 wool gr.. Goats of dwarf species are also high like pets. It is an animal of small size, with arched horns, very nimble, particularly adapted to the jump. Its weight at the adulthood can go from 15 to 80 kg for the females and from 20 to 120 kg for the males. Each one of its legs end in 2 fingers, each finger comprises a shoe (onglon) which it is necessary to cut 1 to 2 times per annum. The goats are horned or mounds (i.e. without horns). The goat can present outgrowths of skin, on the level of the neck, called pampilles or pendeloques, as well as a beard. It can live a dozen years. One finds it in all the areas of the sphere, particularly in mountain. The males are called goats, the small "kids" or "kids", or on a familiar mode "kids". The goat is characterized by horns more or less forming the shape of a quadrant. When it is adult it carries or not horns according to the race. It has a goatee of hairs under the chin and a very strong odor from where the expression: "to feel the goat". In France, it reproduces only once per annum, between December and August, to give birth later 5 months, with 2 kids on average. If a third kid is born one will give him the feeding-bottle, because his/her mother will not have enough milk and contrary to the cow it does not have that 2 milk. The odor of the goat is caused by small glands placed between its horns, it attracts the goats in period of reproduction. Once swallowed, the food goes from continuation in the paunch, then pass in the bonnet where they are prédigérés. The goat lies down and it rote and makes go up food in pellets in its mouth and corn salad. When it finished chewing, it swallows. The chewed pellet passes in the layer then in the petrel and the goat starts again with a new pellet. Amalthée is a goat which nurses Zeus child, helped by bees giving the responsability itself to nourish the honey god. According to Zénobe, Zeus then honours it while placing it like constellation in the sky, or like simple star (Capella, "the goat", i.e. has of the Coachman). At Ovide (Record, V), it is a naïad, to which Zeus are still entrusted child by Rhéa, its mother, to escape from the jealousy from Cronos. Thus would have been born the horn of plenty. Djali, the partner of Esméralda heroin of the novel Our-injury of Paris of Victor Hugo. Blanquette, the Goat of Mr Seguin, heroin of the Letters of my Mill, Alphonse Daudet. * A goat indicates by metonymy a goat's milk cheese, i.e. manufactured with goat's milk (see following ticket). * A goat is also a hoisting and handling equipment and lifting, a kind of formed crane of a pyramidal support supporting a pulley. * The Goat is a French film carried out by Francis Veber in 1981. * In football, a goat is a player surcoté more interested by his own image than by the results of the team. The goat is sometimes called "forced wine" or "forced cider", "sparkling wine" in Switzerland, or "will tievra" in dialect arpitan. The characteristic of the goat consists a fermentation under pressure, and in a tasting in the form of foam, which requires the supporting use of barrels of strong pressures, and consumption "with the barrel". This last is a central element of manufacture. * of the barrels out of wooden, with the thick ditches and the brought closer circles, which were formerly required, * stainless steel barrels, more usually employed aujourd' today. The pressure developed at the time of fermentation being able to reach ten bars, the solidity of the barrel is essential with safety. Their volume varies overall between 10 and 40 liters. The plug is of type "tube" to give foam. The receipt of the goat varies according to areas' and the practices, the constant elements are: - a "catalyst" of fermentation, often of the rice crême, or some barley grains - alcohols strong (kirsch, cognac. - not to fill the barrel by leaving a few liters with air to allow the rise in pressure. - others adjonctifs (extracted or vanilla sticks, Ricard) are employed to modify the taste. The preparation is done with the autumn, at the time of pressing, starting from fresh musts. Once the mixed ingredients, the barrel is closed for the fermentation, which occurs in closed medium. The goat is drunk in sparkling form, which imposes an immediate consumption because foam is not stable. A Goat, a Sheep, with a fatty Pig, Montés on same tank from went away to the fair: Their entertainment did not carry them there. One was going oneself from there to sell them, so that known as history: As if it had had hundred Butchers with its cases. It was a clamour to make people deaf: The other animals, softer creatures, good people, were astonished that he shouted the Help |. They badly did not see no one to fear. Charton called to the Pig: What have you to complain so much. You us thoughtless all, that you are not held coi. These two people more honest than you, Should learn how to you to live, or at least to conceal to you. Look at this Sheep has it known as only one word. The Pig set out again: if it knew its business, It would shout like me, the top of its gosier. They think that one wants to only discharge them, the Goat of its milk, the Sheep of its wool. I do not know if they are right. But as for me, which am not good. Dom Pourceau reasoned as a subtle character:. And the least far-sighted is always wisest. The she-goat, energy to fill its trailing udder, Not without saying to its kid: You keep, on your life. As she said these words. As soon as it sees it part, it counterfeits its tone It asks that one open, while saying: Hay of the wolf. The suspicious kid by the slit looks at: Show me white leg or I will not open. In the wolves, as one knows, seldom of use. This one, extremely surprised to hear this language, As it had come was turned over from there at home. Two safeties are better than one, And too in that was never lost. With his/her friend Goat of highest encornés: This one further did not see that its nose. The other had become Master in fact of fraud. Thirst obliged them to go down in a well:. After abundantly both had taken some, the Fox called to the Goat: "That we will make, accomplice. It is not very of drinking, it is necessary to leave from here. Raise your feet in top, and your horns too. Put counters them the wall: along your spine Then on your horns raising me. - By my beard, known as the other, It is good and I rent quite judicious people like you. The Fox leaves the well, leaves his/her companion, And you makes him a beautiful sermon "If the sky had you, says it, given par excellence As much judgement than of barb to the chin. Task t'en to draw, and make all your efforts. Because, for me, I have certain business Which does not enable me to stop in way. In any thing it is necessary to consider the end. Under wood, in the pre green of which it grazed grass, a large goat is lying, peaceful and superb. Of its horns at a peak, with the superimposed nodes, the base is strong and broad and the ends are worn. Because the combat formerly was its practice. The hair, silky with the eye, but with the harder touch, Black all along the back, white with the belly, fine floods Covers without hiding them the two thinned down sides. And the callous knees and the leg tortoise, the steep inclined croup and the pointed spine, the stiff and white beard and the large lashes of the eyes And the long nose, show that this goat is very old. Also, knowing although old age is soft, Two small beggars approach, on foam, Of the sleeper who, the closed eye, seems not to see them. Horns gently they touch the black end. Then, soon enhardis and some that it sommeille, They draws the beard to him while laughing. Draws up itself slowly on its knotty bulges, And looks at them laughing, and laughs almost with them. They put to him a bit cut in a branch, And drive out in front of them with great blows of branch the worthy chief of the goats of the hamlet. With the green vine shoots of a wild vine They adjust with the bit of the reins of foliage. Then, noncontent, in spite of the points of its bones, They ride both a horse on its back, And are held with the hairs, and their naked legs Font to sound the heels on its hairy coasts. One hears in wood, more and more distances, the voices, the timorous cries, the Argentinian laughter. And one sees, when they will pass under a branch, Towards the head of the goat their head which leans, While under their blows and without pressing his step all suits Him gently so that they do not fall. It was a goat of proud temperament, Which returned from Spain and spoke German. Ell' returned from Spain and spoke German. It entered by chance the field of Norman. It entered by chance the field of Norman. Ell' stole there a cabbage which was worth three franks well. Ell' stole there a cabbage which was worth three franks well, And the tail of a leek which was worth well as much. And the tail of a leek which was worth well as much. The goat appeared and sat down on a bench. The goat appeared and sat down on a bench. Then it opened the Code and looked at inside. Then it opened the Code and looked at inside. It saw that its business went extremely sadly. It saw that its business went extremely sadly. At the time, it opened the door and took the key of the fields. As more than twenty times per day, Had two hundred ecus in division. Me, I would make pay ten pennies. This inscription "Here, office of the projections". To the goat, brought their goats. "Your goat wants nothing any more to make" "thus Explain to me this business" Says "Not astonishing, Mister the mayor. the mosquitos, also called mosquitos (quebecism), constitute the family of Culicidae. It is of the insects of the order of dipterous under order of the nématocères. They set up the most important group of vectors of pathogenic agents transmissible to the man. More than 3 300 species are to date described. The mosquito is known to move area in area according to times' of the year in order to follow the change of the temperatures favorable to its proliferation. The mosquitos appeared with Jurassic, approximately 170 million years ago. The oldest fossil dates from the Cretaceous. The second pair is reduced to a pair of beams. The females of the majority of the species have long oral parts of stitcher-nozzle type. It acts of a long horn or proboscis. The sizes vary but they exceed only very seldom the 15 millimetres for the subfamily of Toxorhynchitinae. The female is generally larger than the male. The adults live according to the conditions and species' from 15 to 30 days. Males and females nourish nectar of flowers, and thus take part in the pollination of the plants, as well as the butterflies, for example. The female horn of the mosquito acts as the needle of a syringe. Each species has its own specificity more or less affirmed in the choice of the host for this meal of blood. The majority of the species have a night activity (Culex kind, Anopheles) or primarily diurnal with twilight (Aedes kind). American scientists identified more than 340 odors emitted by the human skin likely to attract the mosquitos. The adult female, during the period of reproduction, pricks the vertebrate ones to take their blood containing of proteins necessary to the manufacture of the?ufs. At the time of the reproduction, the females fertilized by the males deposit their?ufs on the surface of stagnant water or on easily flooded grounds. The?ufs, generally spindle-shaped, measure approximately 1 mm length. Blanchâtres at the time of the laying, they darken in the hours which follow. The?ufs laid on the surface of water are insubmersible thanks to floats (Anopheles), with a col1erette (Orthopodomyia) or their arrangement out of nacelle. They hatch as soon as the embryo is completely developed. At the time of the blossoming, the button of blossoming, genuine can-opener located on the head of the embryo, cuts out the shell. Always watery, the evolution of the larva is achieved in four stages, separated by a moult, enabling him to pass from approximately 2 to 12 Misters They moves by jerks and is nourished, generally by filtration, either on surface, or at the bottom of the larval lodging. The larvae nourish bacteria and of plankton. At the end of this period, the larva becomes nymph. This stage, it saw 2 more to 3 days in water, time that achieve in it deep anatomical modifications. The nymph begins its change while being immobilized on the surface of water. A tear opens its dorsal face and the adult gets clear slowly. Free, it will be able to finally fly of its own wings. The mosquito will not need to learn how to fly. Indeed, the mosquitos can fly as soon as they have their wings. During the first days of their existence, the male and female adults are at rest in sheltered places. Their first meal, generally taken in the twilight, is composed of nectar. The larvae of mosquito are used as food in aquariophilie, and this in three forms:. These three forms can be in the stores aquarists. Alive, they are particularly appreciated by predatory fish: cichlidés, combatants, gouramis. At the end of a few weeks, one can start to collect. What it does while passing through the stomachic wall. With 300 to 500 1,5 and patient million to 2,7 million death per annum, paludism remains the tropical parasitosis most important. 80% of the cases are recorded in sub-Saharan Africa, where they mainly concern the children of less than five years and the women pregnant (WHO, 2005). It is into 1897 that the English doctor Ronald Ross (Nobel Prize 1902) proved that the mosquitos (Anopheles) were the vectors of the malaria. Previously, it was the bad air (male aria in Italian) emanating of the marshes which was accused. Fen (zone of marshes in France) is at the origin of the term "paludism". (in the past called tropical influenza or small the palu) is a viral, endemic infection in the tropical countries. A form starting a hemorrhagic fever, the hemorrhagic dengue (or DHF, for "dengue hemorrhagic fever"), is potentially mortal. It is in 1779 that it was described for the first time. It was at the origin of important epidemics in Australia (1897), in Seychelles (1926), in Tunis (1927), Athens (1928) and Taiwan (1931). Its name comes from the district of West Nile to Uganda where it was insulated for the first time in 1937 at a woman suffering from a strong fever. (in summary chik), is a tropical infectious disease, due to an arbovirus (Alphavirus of the family of Togaviridae), transmitted by mosquitos of the Aedes kind. The transmission of the virus of a human patient to a mosquito is done by the blood aspired at the time of the puncture. The contamination of a healthy man is carried out by the saliva of mosquitos which were infected a few days or a few weeks before. Mosquito is an island of the archipelago of the Grenadines belonging to Saint-Vincent-and them Grenadines. It is a North-South directed island which shelters coral reefs, places of reproduction of marine tortoises, will hérons. Two lagoons are present on the island: one in North and one in the West. Four small small islands surround Moustique whose shore alternates courses and sandy splits. The island was probably seen by Spanish at the end of XVe century with the other surrounding islands which they name "Los Párajos" (Birds). In 1958, Moustique is bought by Lord Glenconner who transforms it into vacation resort. January 8, 1971, the Antilles steamer of the transatlantic general Company, runs up against a reef not announced on the sea charts, near the island, whereas it went of Guaira to Barbados. The ship is entirely destroyed by a fire, but without making victim. With the passing of years, the wreck broke in several pieces. In 1989, "Mustique Company" is created in order to make thrive and protect the island by arranging it and by managing the infrastructures (roads, water, electricity, airport, etc). The shareholders of Mustique Company can be only residents of the island. This company with built to 89 villas which are rented in general with fortunate people (royal celebrities, people, etc). Mosquito counts only 650 permanent inhabitants and saw tourism. English is the official language but German, French, Dutch and Italian are spoken. The villages of the island are Lowell, Britannia and Dover. Of its true name Michel Gregoire, it is a singer of French rock'n'roll, born on August 16, 1942 in Paris. Appeared in the Sixties, it had taken Little Richard for model. Mosquito in parallel carried out a career on scene, occurring in particular in Paris: with the Golf-Drouot, in Olympia and the Sport hall. It in particular ensured the first part of Little Richard, Beatles, Jerry Lee Lewis and Gene Vincent. It still took part recently in festivals like the road of the rock'n'roll, in Saint-Malo (Ille-and-Unpleasant). Words and Music: Krieger, Dansmore, Manzarek, C Moustique, my old man, you see too small I have an owner broader than me Go ahead of confidence, it is me which sends All the world to you, it is large, all the world, it is naked. I hear something which bourdonne Unceasingly, it passes and passes by again under my nose. It is the noise which pricks, typical with the mosquito. Which of us two will strike the first. Who looks me by making me feet of nose. The horse (Equus caballus) is a large ongulé domestic mammal of the family of équidés. Domesticated as of Antiquity, it is used today in agriculture, for transport, the leisures, the sporting competitions, and like source of food. Formerly, the horse was useful like animal of war and transport, thus allowing the rise of the trade and the birth of civilizations on great extents. Regarded as "the noblest conquest of the man", the horse, is, according to certain authors, that which the most marked the history and progress of humanity. Horse is a generic term which initially indicates the domestic species which includes the races become harets like the mustangs. The true wild horses, which cannot be domesticated, belong to several other species. Hippology is the science which studies the morphology and the anatomy of the horse. The horse is a gregarious animal which lives in herd, with a protective standard, approximately seven mares and a dominant mare, which is often oldest. The latter leads the herd at the time of displacements. In the herd, there is a hierarchy of the dominant/dominé type, established according to the age of the individuals, their temperament, etc. Often oldest dominate young people until those manage to find their place in the group and to be made respect. Until approximately the two years age, the young males remain in the group, then are excluded from it. Then several young males gather to form a herd. When they took enough insurance, they create their own herd. A frightened horse escapes automatically. The very nervous standards or entireties sometimes can attack the man. The horse has the capacity to sleep upright, but this sleep is only very light. It reaches the major sleep only lengthened, in its box or within a herd. All the horses of the same herd do not sleep at the same time because there is of them always at least one which takes care on the others while remaining upright. This aversion comes in particular from familiarity with the animal, but also owing to the fact that the meat of horse is a vector of diseases. Each day nevertheless, approximately 850 horses are consumed in France, that is to say 300 000 per annum. Many familiar, pejorative or old terms indicate also the horse. Among the pejorative terms appear: . It should be noted that the word nag is often also used without negative connotation to indicate a horse without characteristics. In the old terms are the word mounting, which indicate a palfrey for a messenger, and finally the word destrier which names a mounting of war. At the Amerindians, the horse is sometimes indicated under the term of "large dog". Latin equus gave on his side the family of équidés, the noun horsemanship and the adjectives equestrian and equine. The equestrian order was a social class of ancient Rome going down from the combatants with horse of the first centuries of Rome. In Europe, the Greeks, Romans and Byzantines used the horse for the war, the communications, transport but also the races of tanks. On their side, the Celts venerated Épona, goddess of the horses, whose worship was transmitted to us because of his adoption by the Roman equestrian troops. In the Middle East, the Bedouins raised the thorough-bred Arab, horses of the desert, robust and elegant. The Persians invented the sports shirt. When Hyksôs invade Egypt at the XVIIe front century, the Egyptians used the horses only for civil tasks. The cavalry, which will make the power of the Pharaons of the New empire, was then side of the enemy and will be a factor determining in the Egyptian defeat. In Africa, the cavalry numide was an important unit of the Carthaginian armies at the time of the Punic Wars. In Asia, the oldest horse-drawn tank to be to us intact parvenu comes from the tomb of the Chinese emperor Wu Ding, died in 1118 front. The horse was used little as draft animal in agriculture but the Chinese would be at the origin of the collar of shoulder. They used the clamp with the Life front century, the cavalry forming large Chinese troops. People of Asia developed an original military unit which is the archer with horse. In America, the first Spanish colonists reintroduced the horse, Arab and Andalusian, in the two American continents. The species had then disappeared there for more than eight millenia. There are always riding people of which all the life is centered around the horse. It is the case in particular Mongols where the children learn how to go up before walking. An adult saddle horse weighs the approximately 500 kg, heaviest of the draught horses can reach 1 200 kg. The ponies and the horses known as "heavy" live on average longer than other races. The life expectancy of a domestic horse is lengthened thanks to the care lavished by the man. Certain horses reach the forty years. By convention, the horse is composed of three principal external parts: 1) the forehand which includes/understands the head, the neck, the chest and the forelimbs. 2) back-hand made up of the croup, hips, rear limbs and the tail. the 3) bodies which are the central part. The horse carries a mane and a tail whose hairs are called hairs. The horse has 469 muscles which represent approximately half of its weight. The skeleton is composed of 205 bones and represents approximately 8 % of the mass of a horse. It supports the soft parts of the body, plays the part of structure and protects the vital bodies. The spinal column is composed of 54 bones while the brain-pan has 34 of them. The skeletal system is maintained by ligaments and tendons. The first connect the bones between them while the tendons ensure the connection between the bone and the muscle. On the level of the articulations are the synovial membranes who contain the synovial liquid being used as natural lubricant. The other parts of the bone are surrounded of the périoste. A mare has thirty-six teeth, with for each jaw six incisors, six premolars and six molars. The male horse has two additional per jaw and called canines hooks. These canines are a heritage of the eohippus, omnivorous ancestor of the horse. Between the front teeth and the molars is a toothless space called bars, it is in this place puts back the bit of the net. Final teeth are acquired at approximately the six years age. The teeth of the horse are in permanent growth, which enables him to eat abrasive plants as the grass or the graminaceous ones. In nature, wear due to the chewing compensates for the growth of the teeth. It also makes it possible to know the age of the animal until its twelve or thirteen years. The c?ur, striated visceral muscle, weigh from 3 to 5 kg in a horse of 500 kg. The muscular mass depends on its drive. Its heart rate is 30 to 40 beats per minute at rest, with 220 beats at the time of main efforts. The capacity of the lung of a horse is approximately 12 liters. Its large naseaux makes it possible to take important quantities of air. Its respiratory frequency goes from 10 to 15 cycles per minute at rest to 70 cycles after five minutes of gallop. With this pace, the horse fixes its inspirations and expiries on the rate/rhythm of beaten. The most developed directions are the sense of smell, hearing and the touch. Animal of prey, the horse is useful itself of the smoothness of its directions to escape from the attacks from its predatory or to find its food. N the other hand, the fields of vision of each?il are superimposed only on one narrow tape with the front one. This conformation, current at the preys, allows an easier detection of the predatory ones. The vision of the horse is average or poor for certain races. Thus, 75 % of the draught horses are short-sighted. The vision of the horse has a frequency of perception from 20 to 25 images a second, against 15 to 18 for the man. The horse sees well the night thanks to the tapetum lucidum, layer reflective which covers its retina. Pupil, which can open with the fur as the light drops, also contributes to these performances. The horse has a hearing very fine, able to identify a mouse in the straw with 100 meters or to distinguish from the sounds whose intensity varies only one decibel. It perceives sounds on a beach of frequency of 6 Hz with 33 500 Hz, which enables him to feel earthquakes before the man or to perceive ultrasounds. Mobilized by sixteen muscles, the auricular houses of the horse are mobile, which enables him to direct them towards the source of a sound that it wishes to analyze. The shape in funnel of the ears is also a factor of improvement of the auditive capacity. It has a developed direction of the sense of smell thanks to very sensitive olfactive cells which paper its broad naseaux. It is also equipped with the body of Jacobson at the bottom of the nasal cavity which is used to fix the odors to allow a better analysis. The horse is useful itself of its sense of smell to find water. The horses smell the nose and the breath to greet themselves. This attitude is called flehmen. The horse is useful itself of this direction to recognize food. The latter are differentiated by the taste once last the stage of the flairage. The taste makes it possible to identify the food which are good for their health and those which are harmful. Not having the capacity to vomit, the horse must establish its food correctly. The horses have a direction of the touch which is variable according to the parts of the body. The legs are not very sensitive, contrary to the head and the back. The simple contact of a fly can make quiver these parts. The lips are surrounded of sensitive hairs called vibrisses and comparable with the moustache of the cat. The horses can touch themselves for the pleasure, in particular at the time of mutual grooming. The rider is as useful of the direction of the touch of the horse to indicate to him as it carried out a exercise correctly or to exert a discomfort via the use of a riding crop. Its locomotor members are called members and not legs. The horse has four members who end in a foot. A comparison with the human anatomy makes it possible to include/understand the characteristics of this animal. The shoe of the horse corresponds to a nail of the man and the horse goes thus on the equivalent of a finger which goes up to the ball. The gun is equivalent to the plant of our feet or with the palm of our hands, while the knee corresponds to the wrist and the bulge is equivalent to ankle of the man. The grasset of the horse corresponds to our knee. The legs of the horse can be tended with a minimum of effort thanks to a whole of muscles and ligaments called stay apparatus. This anatomical characteristic makes it possible the horse to pass a part of its sleep while being upright and to be thus more effective to flee the predatory ones. It is also current to see a horse being held on three legs thanks to the stay apparatus and thus to put back another member. The balance indicates the way in which a member is directed under the body of the horse. This caract>