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Marx Karl - Understood them the Book - Understood it 8 - the test of the unearned increment. We were you leave yourself from the presupposed one that the force-job comes bought and sold to its value that one of every other goods?eterminato from the time of necessary job. If therefore the production of medium daily means of maintenance dell.operaio demands 6 hours, these must work in average 6 hours to the day in order to produce to the own force job daily, that is in order to reproduce the value that it has obtained vendendola. necessary of its working day it piles to 6 hours, and therefore, caeteris paribus?na given largeness. the largeness of the working day same length of the time of necessary job, we say 6 hours job comes extended beyond to b of one, three or six hours etc that represent three different days. In the working day it piles to sixth, in working day II piles to three sixth, in working day III to six determines the test of the unearned increment, quest.ultimo. In those three various days working test del unearned increment, from solo, not us dar?a largeness della day. As an example, if it were equal to 100%, the working day could be of 8, 10, 12 hours etc that the two parts of the working day, necessary job and pluslavoro, have the same largeness, but would not indicate how much?rande. Therefore the working day not?na constant largeness, but a variable largeness its you leave?eterminata from the time of job demanded for the continuous reproduction dell.operaio, but its total largeness changes with. Hour, bench?a working day is not a fixed, but indeed fluid largeness, however it to pu?ariare only equal to zero, obtains the minimal limit, cio?a part of the day that l.operaio must necessarily work for the own conservation on the plan of the capitalistico way of production, the job necessary to pu?ostituire always only a single part of the working day dell.operaio. therefore the working day pu?ai is not reduced to Invece the working day has the maximum limit, than not. In the first place?eterminato from the physical limit. During the natural day of 24 hours, a man to only pu?pendere one quantit?eterminata of vital force cos?n horse to pu?avorare only 8 hours day for day day the working force must rest, sleep, during un.altra part l.uomo has to satisfy other needs physical, to nourish itself, to clean up, to dress itself. Beyond this limit pure physicist, the extension of the working day hits against moral limits satisfaction of intellectual needs and social, whose extension and whose number is determines to you from the general state of the civilt?variazione of the working day moves therefore within physical limits and. But a lot and the much working uni that the others are of elastic nature of eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen and eighteen hours. force-job to its value of the day d.uso of it during one working day straight to make to work l.operaio for s?urante one day. In every case?eno of a natural day of capitalist life has its opinion on this last Thule that?l necessary limit of the working day. Its spirit?.anima of the understood one them. the understood one it has them an only vital instinct, l.istinto cio?i to value itself, to create unearned increment, to absorb with its constant part, that they are the means of production, the mass of pluslavoro pi?rande possible. Understood them?avoro the dead man, than ravviva, like a vampiro, only sucking alive job and pi?ive how much pi?e sucks. which l.operaio time works?l during which the capitalist consumes the force-job that she has bought. If l.operaio he consumes for if same just the time available, he. Like every other buyer, he tries spremere from the value d.uso of its goods the greater utilit?ossibile. But all.improvviso s.alza the voice dell.operaio, that it was ammutolita to nell.incalzare and in the commotion of the production process: from I turn of the other goodses for the fact that its use creates value, and greater value of how much it costs. Those that gives your part appears like valorization of the understood one them, from my part?ispendio exceeding of force-job on the market, we know only a law, that one of the exchange of goodses. And the consumption of the goods does not belong to the vendor who the averse one, but to. To you therefore it belongs l.uso of mine. But, with its daily selling price, I must, daily, to be able to reproduce it, for being able it to return to sell. To part the natural logorio for l.et?cc. working tomorrow in the same normal conditions of force, health and training my only patrimony, the force-job, as reasonable and a thrifty one economo and I want to be abstained from every crowds sperpero of it. I want some to make available daily, putting it in motion and converting it in job, only those a lot that?ompatibile with its normal duration and its healthy development disposition, in a single day, with one disturbed extension of the day working, quantit?ella mine greater force-job of how much I can some re-establish in three work days and the depredamento of it is things of all. If the medium period in which a medium laborer to pu?ivere, given a reasonable measure of job, piles to trent.anni, the value of mine force-job, than you pay to me of day in day?.950 of its total value, instead of 1/3. cio?i she pays only a third party of its every day value, and she daily steals therefore two thirds party to me of the value of my goods. the force-job of a day, while consumptions that one of three days. ?ontro ours contracted and against the law of the exchange of the goodses. I demand therefore a working day of normal length, and I demand it without to make appeal your heart, perch?n money issues not. Perhaps you can be a city model, member of the Alloy for l.abolizione of crudelt?erso the animals, for reached you can also be in odore of santit?ma the thing that you represent of forehead me you do not have heart that she strikes to them in chest seems that you throbbings?l heartbeat of mine just heart. I demand the normal working day, perch?sigo the value of my goods, like every other vendor. ?evidente: abstraction made from limits of all the elastic ones, from the nature of the exchange of the goodses, cos?om.?non turns out no limit of the working day, therefore no limit of. The capitalist, trying to render pi?unga the working day possible and, when?ossibile, trying to make some of a two. specific one of the sold goods implies a limit of its consumption from part of the buyer, while l.operaio, wanting to limit the working day to a determined normal largeness, she supports its right of. Here one has therefore place antinomy: straight against right, both consecrate to you from the law of the exchange of the goodses. Between equal rights the regulation of the working day decides the force capitalistica production is introduced like fight for the limits of the working day. fight between the collective capitalist, cio?a class of the capitalists, and l.operaio. Ovunque a part of societ?ossegga the monopoly of means of production, the worker, free or enslaved, must add to the time of job necessary to its maintenance time of exceeding job in order to produce means of maintenance for the owner of means of is this beautiful and good owner, cio?obile Athenian, teocrate Etruscan, civis romanus, baron normanno, negriero American, boiardo valacco, modern agrarian owner, or capitalist. ?evidente, however, than, when in one social formation economic?reponderante not the value of exchange, but the value d.uso of the product, then the pluslavoro?imitato from one cerchia of devout needs? little width, but does not rise from the same character of the overloaded production of frightful job extension where draft to obtain the value of exchange in its independent shape of currency, cio?ella. Here the official shape of the job overload?l to work coatti until morirne. in the ancient world these is exceptions production moves in the inferior shapes of the job of the slaves, della., comes attracted in a dominated international market from the capitalistico way of production, which ago to evolvere to preponderant interest the sale of their products all.estero, sull.orrore then barbaric of schiavit?della servit?ella gleba the etc l.orrore civilizzato of the job overload southern dell.Unione American, the job of the black persons conserv?n moderated patriarcale character, finch?a production mostly was oriented on the immediate local needs l.esportazione of the cotton divenne vital interest of those States, the overload of job of the black person, and here and l?l consumption of its life in seven years of job, divenne factor d.un arranges calculated and. Sure mass was not dealt pi?i to draw from the black person one of. By now it was be a matter of the production of the unearned increment. Analogous the process for the corv? as an example nei. in principati Danube and same voracit?elle the English factories it offers a particular interest, perch?l pluslavoro has immediately in corv?una the independent, percepibile shape. We place that the working day consti of 6 hours of necessary job and 6 hours of pluslavoro. working free supplies to capitalist 6 for 6, cio?6 hours of?la same thing that if it gratis worked 3 days to the week for s?e 3 days for the capitalist. Pluslavoro and necessary job vanish nell.altro. an example, can express the same relationship saying that the worker works 30 second ones to the minute for s? 30 second ones for the capitalist etc. The necessary job, that as an example the peasant valacco completes for just the maintenance?eparato in the space from its pluslavoro for boiardo. just the field, the second in the bottom padronale. of the time of job exists next l.una all.altra, in way. In the shape of the corv? the pluslavoro?eparato clearly from the necessary job presentation it does not change null, manifestly, in the relationship unearned increment to the week remain three days of a job that does not represent no equivalent for the worker, calls it corv?o. However in the capitalist the voracit?i pluslavoro it is introduced nell.impulso to one smodato extension of the working day, while in the boiardo, pi?emplicemente, it is introduced like. In principati Danube the connected corv?era to unearned incomes in nature and other accessories of the servit?ella gleba, but it constituted I pay decisive to the dominant class conditions, of I shave the corv?derivava from the servit?ella gleba, but, viceversa, the servit?ella gleba it derived from the corv? Their way of original production was founded on the propriet?omune, but not on the propriet?omune in shape. A part of lands came cultivated in independent shape from the members of comunit?come free propriet?rivata. un.altra the part. l.ager publicus. it came worked from. The products of this common job served in part like bottom of reservoir for catti to you collected and for others eventualit?in part like public treasure in order to cover the costs of the war, of the religion, and other expenses of the comunit?Nel run of the time military and ecclesiastical dignitaries usurparono so much the propriet?omune that the services that for it were used to make on the earth of the own comunit?si trasform?n corv?per ladri. the relationships of servit?ma of fact and not of right, finch?a Russia, liberatrice of the world, elev?a servit?ella gleba to law, with. The code of the corv? proclamato from Russian general Kisselev in 1831, it had been dictated, naturally. Cos?a Russia, with a single blow, conquist? principati magnates of Danube and the battimani of the cretini liberal of as that code of the corv is called? . every peasant valacco, beyond large quantit?i deposits in nature, all specifies in the particular, must to you to the so-called land owner:. a day of job of the fields. All adding, 14 days all.anno. However, with deep acquaintance political dell.economia, the working day does not come understanding in its ordinary sense, but the working day agrees necessary to supply slyly?eterminato every day medium produced a every day product medium per?l so that a ciclope it would not come any to head in. The same R?ement declares, in the dry terms of the genuine Russian irony, than for 12 days working the product of the unskilled labor of 36 days must be meant, than for a day of job of the fields they must be meant 3 days and for one day of lumber transport others 3 days. But to all this the so-called Jobagie must be added, service performances that are up to the master of the bottom for needs. Every village must supply every year a determined contingent for the Jobagie, in connection with the entit?Questa to corv?supplementare comes calculate in 14 days for every peasant valacco. But, given the bad climate, l.anno agricultural it counts in Valacchia only 210 days, of which Sundays and festivities come less 40 for, 30 of average for the bad time, in sum, 70 days. The relationship between corv?e the necessary job, 56/84, cio?l 66 and two thirds party for hundreds, indicates an unearned increment test much inferior of what it regulated the job of the agricultural d.opera hand. Per?uesta?oltanto the corv?prescritta for. And the R?ement organique has known to render easy l.evasione of the own norms, with spirit still devout? liberal. of the legislation. After to have made 56 of 12 days, the nominal job of everyone of the 56 days of corv?viene in its turn determined so that it is necessary necessarily a supplement of job in the days. As an example in a day to have weeded a land plot of ground that it demands for this operation for less the double quantity, especially in the plantations of granturco. agricultural jobs, the every day job legal?nterpretabile so as to to make to begin the day in the May month and to make it to end in the month. For the Moldavia the dispositions are also pi?ure. boiardo esclam?ell.ebbrezza of the Victoria: Le twelve days anniversaries of corv?del R?ement organique principati pile to 365 Danube days all.anno. were one positive expression of that one voracit?i pluslavoro that?egalizzata in every paragraph of it. the Factory Acts English they are negative expressions of same the voracit?frenano l.istinto of the understood one them to smungere smodatamente the force-job refrain it by means of the coatta limitation of the day working in name of the State and, in truth, from part of one Be dominated from laborer who grows always pi?inaccioso of day in day, the limitation of the job in the factories?tata dictated from the same one necessit?he has scattered the guano on the fields d.Inghilterra. covets of holdup that had exausted the earth, in this case, had hit to the root, in the first case, l.energia vital about the nation periodic clearly spoke to the same language of the lessening dell.altezza of the soldiers in Germany and in enforced France, it allows 10 hours for day weekly magazine medium, cio?2 hours for the first 5 week days, from the 6 of morning to the 6 of evening, detratte per?ezz.ora for the breakfast and un.ora for the noon meal, cosicch?imangono 10 hours and average working, and 8 hours the saturday, from the 6 of morning to the 2 of the afternoon, detratta mezz.ora for the breakfast. They remain 60 hours working, 10 and half for everyone of the first 5 name days special caretakers of the law, the factory inspectors, directly subordinates to the ministry dell.interno, whose relations come published every semestre in name of the parliament supply therefore one regular and official statistics of the voracit?i. We for a moment listen to the job inspectors a quarter d.ora (to times pi?a times less) before the six antemeridian ones and it a quarter d.ora (to times ends less pi?a times). It removes five minuteren to the principle and the end of the mezz.ora nominally granted for the breakfast, ten minuteren to the principle and the end dell.ora nominally granted for the meal. Of saturday a quarter works d.ora, to times pi?a times less. 5 hours and 40 minuteren to the week, that, multiplied for 50 working weeks (detratte two weeks of vacations and occasional interruptions). five daily minuteren beyond the normal duration, have two days and Un.ora it adds them daily, obtained rasping hour here hour l?n time hyphen, ago to become the thirteen twelve months dell.anno.. interrupted the production and is only worked to. reduced time, cio?olo for some days to the week, does not change for null l.impulso to the extension of the working day naturally. they are made, much greater one having the gain to nell.affare that it is made. Little time to pu?avorare itself, pi?rande?a part of the time of job that. The factory inspectors report as she follows on the period of the crisis from 1857 to 1858: Si to pu?itenere illogical that has place a whichever overload of job in a moment in which the commerce he goes cos?ale. but just this bad situation spurs people without scrupoli to trasgressiones costoro makes sure cos?n profit. Proprio in the same period, Leonard Horner says. in which 122 factories of my district have been of the all abandoned ones, others 143 are firm and all the others work to reduced time, the job overload come continued beyond the time. Bench? Mr. Howell says. in the greater number of the factories jobs only for met?el time, in consequence of the bad one be of the transactions, I continue to receive, like before, the same number of complaints, than to the laborers they come tears to you (snatched) mezz.ora or three quarters d.ora every day, by means of the curtailment of the pauses they guaranteed from the law for the meal and the smaller rest. during the terrible crisis of the cotton of the 1861-1865, during the hours of the meal or in other illegal hours, advance the pretest that the laborers do not want at all to leave the factory, that it is quite necessary to force them to interrupt their job. (pulizia delle. they remain in the factory after that blots some to them they are firm, this only happens perch?on?tato they granted no period of time for such jobs during the working hours established from the law, from the six of by means of overload of job beyond the legal time, seems to be for many manufacturers a too much great temptation perch?e can. They speculate on the probabilit?i to be discoveries and do not calculate that, also in the case that are discoveries, esiguit?elle the pecuniarie pains and of judgment expenses it also guarantees they always. Where the time adds them comes obtained by means of the multiplication of pilferages (. to multiplication of small thefts.) during the day, for the inspectors there are unsurpassable difficolt?uasi nello. understood them on the time of the meal and on the time of rest dell.operaio they come designates to you from the inspectors of factory also like. petty pilfering of. to sgraffignare the minuteren. snatching to few minutes., to steal to little or, as the laborers call technically it, nibbling and cribbling at. formation of the unearned increment by means of the pluslavoro not?n. Rispettabilissimo landladies of factory said to me: Se it allows me to make to only work ten daily minuteren of additional time, puts thousand pounds to the l.anno in my pockets.. Atoms of time are the elements of the gain. From this not c.?iente point of view of pi?aratteristico of the designation of the laborers who work the entire time like full timers., and of children under the thirteen years, that six hours can only work, like. half timers.. L.operaio?ltro that time of personified job differences characterizes them does not resolve here in that one of operai to entire time. ENGLISH BRANCHES DELL.INDUSTRIA WITHOUT LEGAL LIMIT To the working EXPLOITATION, the hunger of pluslavoro from lupi mannari?tata up to now studied in a field in which monstrous excesses, do not surpass to you. cos?ice an English bourgeois economist do not give the crudelt?egli Spanish against have ended with making to put the understood one them to the chain of. But we give a look to some branches of production, where the exploitation of the force today free job?ncor from ties, or was such until yesterday county, dichiar?come president of a reunion held in the communal palace of 14 Nottingham January 1860, than between the part of the population of the citt?ccupata one in the lace fabrication it dominated to a level of suffering and deprivations disowned to the rest of the world. To the two, to the three, the four of the mattino, children of nine or ten years they come tears to you to their dirty beds and forced to work until the ten, eleven, twelve of night, for a gain of pure subsistence. their limbs are consumed, their figure rattrappisce, the features of the face ottundono and theirs umanit?.irrigidisce completely in a torpore of stone, orrido only to vedersi. surprises that the Mr. Mailet and others manufacturers s.alzassero to Montagu Valpy?n arrange of schiavit?llimitata, schiavit?ocialmente, physically, morally, intellectually. That what must be thought about a citt?che holds a public reunion in order to prepare a petition affinch?l time of job of the men is limited to eighteen hours daily piantatori of the Virginia and the Carolina. with all the horrors of the whip and the traffic of human meat?roprio pi?etestabile of this slow slaughtering of human beings, that it has place in order to manufacture sails and collarini to advantage of capitalists. ?tata Staffordshire object of three inquiries parliamentarians during. It turns out to you are collected in the relation of Mr. Scriven of 1841 for i. Children.s Employment Commissioners., in the relation of dottor the Greenhow of 1860, published on medical dell.ufficiale order of the Private Council (Public Health, 3rd Report, I, 102-113), and finally in the relation of Mr. Longe of 1863, in the First Report of the Child ren.s Ernployment. For my?ufficiente topic to draw from the relations of 1860 and the 1863 some depositions of the same ones. From the children to pu?are itself to us un.idea of the adults, in species of the girls and women, and in a d.industria branch beside which the similar spinning of the cotton and seems pleasant and healthy un.occupazione much. of nine years. it had seven years and ten months when it begins? to work. Since principle he. ran moulds. (it carried articles models to you nell.essiccatoio, bringing back behind the empty stamps). days of the week it comes to the six of morning and stops to the nine approximately. Job until the nine of every evening day of the week. I have made as an example last the seven or eight weeks. hours of job for a child of seven years dodicenne, it places: i run moulds and turn jigger. (port stamps and Vengo to the six, often to the four of the mattino. slid I have worked all the night until stamattina to the eight gone to bed dall.altra night in then. Beyond to me also others eight or nine boys have worked for all the past night. I receive three scellini and a six pence (tallero and five. If job for all the night, I do not receive nothing in. Nell.ultima week I have worked for two nights entire. Fernyhough, ten-year-old boy: . Not always I have all un.ora for the meal of mezz.ora often only every noon gioved?venerd? saturday. average life of the life in the ceramieri districts of Stoke-upon-Trent. Stoke only the 36,6 for hundreds of the male population over the twenty years and to single Wolstanton the 30,4 for hundreds is occupied in the factories of pottery, pi?ella met?ei died cases of between the men of quell.et?nel first district, approximately two fifth in the second, turns out from practicing to Hanley, places: . Every successive generation of potters?i?.Da when I began my practical one between the potters, venticinque years ago, the marked degeneration of this class?rogressivamente shown in a weight and stature lessening. depositions has drawn from the relation of Dr. Quanto follows finds in the dell.ospedale relation goddesses of the North Staffordshire, says: Come class, the potters, men and women, constitutes a degenerated population, physically and Of rule small and they have badly grown, badly made and often. They age prematurely and they live time little are flemmati to us and anemic they reveal their weakness of constitution with is obstinate attacks to you of dyspepsia, diseases of the liver and kidneys and of. They are subject above all to chest diseases: pneumonia. a peculiar shape d.asma?d they and?onosciuta as asthma of the potters or tisi of the potters attacks the glandole, the boneses or others you leave of the body?alattia of pi?i. population of this district is not still greater, only must to the recruitment from the surrounding agricultural districts and to the exchange of surgeon of the same hospital, it writes between l.altro in a letter to the personal observations and not to statistics, but outcome not to assure that my indignation always returned to raise itself, alla.vista of those poor children whose health came sacrificed in homage all.avidit?ei they parents and of their employers. of the potters, and concludes the series with that one culminating: long hours.. The relation of the commission hopes that. a manufacture that has a cos?reminente position to the eyes of the infamante world not sar?i?oggetta all.accusa that its large one happening is accompanied from physical degeneration, multiple and diffuse corporal suffering and dead women premature of the population laborer with whose job and with whose abilit?ono be caught up cos?randi it turns out to you. Those that is worth for the ceramic industries in England, is worth also for from 1833, the discovery of the way to fix phosphorus sull.accenditoio. ?viluppata in England from 1845 in then, quickly, and?stesa, leaving especially from the parts of London to dense population, also to Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Norwich, Newcastle, Glasgow. with it s.?iffuso the trismus, than a doctor of Vienna scoperse gi?el 1845 it are the peculiar disease of the workers in matches of the laborers of this manufacture are children under the thirteen years and It has cos?attiva reputation, for its insalubrit? for the repugnanza that arouses, than only the part pi?ecaduta of the class laborer, vedove semistarved etc. stracciati children, semihungry, of all neglect to you and not educated. Of the witnesses it examines you from commissioner White (1863), duecentosettanta were under the eighteen years, forty under the ten years, ten had only eight, five had only six years from the twelve to the fourteen, to the fifteen hours nocturnal job irregular meal, for the pi?resi in the same premises of job, that they are. Dante would have found that this manufacture exceeds. the pi?rossolani kinds come print to you to machine, the kinds pi?ini to. The months of transactions pi?ntensi are between first of. During such period this hard job often, and nearly without interruption, from the six of morning to the ten of evening, and also pi?vanti in the night places: L.inverno passed (1862), on nineteen girls six they lacked with from the job, for diseases derived from job overload could hold the open eyes for the fatigue. but often we cannot hold the open eyes. Past L.inverno we have worked until the nine of evening, and l.inverno previous until the ten all the evenings from the pain of the plagues to the feet.. When this boy had seven years, I had taken l.abitudine to carry it through the snow on the shoulders, going and coming from the factory, and it used to work sixteen hours dargli to eat while he was to the machine, perch?on had n?Smith, the associate director of one factory of Manchester: Noi. (he wants to say: its braccia. that they work for noi.. we work without interruptions for the meal, cosicch?l every day job of ten hours and average?inito to the four and average afternoon ones, and after?(Ma this Mr. Smith no meal is not taken during ten hours and.... Noi. (always Smith) raramente stops the job before the six of evening. (it means to say, we stop the consumption of the nostre. blots some of force-job), cosicch?oi. (iterum Crispinus)..lavoriamo of fact for an extra time during all l.anno. adult). (centocinquantadue children and adolescents under the eighteen years, centoquaranta adult). they have worked, a lot the uni that the others, in average, during last the eighteen months, lessened seven days and five hours to the week, cio?ettantotto hours and average to the week six 2 weeks that end May of quest.anno (1863) the average?tata pi?lta. eight days, that is eighty four hours to. Nevertheless same Mr. Smith, cos?evoto to the pluralis maiestatis, adds sorridendo: Il job to machine?acile.. equally says those that they use the system of the block printing: Il by hand?i?ano job that the job to machine. getlteman manufacturers declare themselves, with indignation, contrarys to the proposal of fermar blots some to them for less during the meal. Otley, director of a factory of paper from adorns to you in the Borough (to London), says: Una law that allowed working hours from the six of.) it would convene very, but the hours of the Factory Act, from the six of morning to the six of evening, us (. our machine does not come stopped during the noon meal (than Fermare the machine not power of attorney worthy losses of famous, n?.Ma., continues with sympathy, posso to understand that the loss that it follows some not piaccia.. ingenuously thinks that the fear of some ditte main. of perdere. time, cio?empo in which to take control other people's job, perci?i perder profit, is not ragione sufficient for far losing. to children under the thirteen years and adolescents under the eighteen, years their meal of noon, during 12 or 16 hours, or in order to give it like d?arbone and water to the machine to vapor, like d?apone to the wool, d?lio to the wheel etc of same production, like pure and simple auxiliary material of means. No English d.industria branch (we make abstraction from the mechanical breadmaking that begins little makes road solo from time). - it has conserved until today cos?ntichi ways of production, indeed, like pu?edere itself from the poets dell.et?mperiale roman. understood them, as we have gi?sservato?n a first indifferent moment of forehead to the technical character of the job process of which it gets hold: at first it takes it as it finds it especially to London, came revealed before the time from the conhitato one of the Lower house. on the l.adulterazione of foods. (1855-7856) and from the written one. Consequence of these detections was the law of 6 August 1860: for preventing the adulteration of articles of food and drink.. ineffective law, poich?aturalmente extension the maximum delicacy towards every freetrader that it undertakes. to turn to honest penny. (to earn some deserved money) by means of the sale of goodses. The same committee had formulated, in way devout? less ingenuous, the conviction that the free commerce means commerce of materials in short adulterates or, as it says to you spiritosamente l.inglese, materiali. And in fact this species of sofistica. it knows to make of the white man and black white man of, the better one black than Protagora, and knows to demonstrate to oculos that every realt? pure appearance, best of the Eleati. In any case, the committee had directed the eyes of the public on its. daily bread, and cos?ui fornai. At the same time, risuonava in public assemblies and petitions to the parliament the outcry of the garzoni fornai London on the overload of. The cos?rgente outcry divenne that Mr. H. who was also member of the pi?olte remembered commission of 1863, came, with to the depositions of the witnesses, eccit?l public. not the heart of the public, but its stomach. L.inglese, that it knows its Bible well, knew s?he l.uomo if not?per free, capitalist election or owner land or supplied of one sinecura. ?hiamato to eat its bread with the sweat of its forehead. but it did not know of having to eat in its bread, daily, a sure dose of human sweat, stirred with deiezioni of abscesses, ragnatele, blatte died and I leaven marcito German. without to hold account dell.allume, dell.arenaria and of others. Without no R-with regard to its santit?l freetrade, the end then libera. breadmaking came subordinate to the surveillance of inspectors be them (conclusion of the session parliamentarian. With the same Official record of parliamentary proceedings it came forbidden the job from the nine of evening to the five of morning for the garzoni fornai to the disotto. Quest.ultima clause says how many entire volumes on the overload of job in this branch d.affari cos?atriarcalmente. begins of rule towards the eleven of night most laborious operation that hard from mezz.ora to three quarters d.ora, to second of the put into an oven one making and the fineness of the working then spreads on the table to paste, than servants also from cover of the madia where the flour is worked, and sleeps a d.ore pair with a bag from flour under the head and an other bag from flour around the body begins an express and uninterrupted job of four hours: gramolare, to weigh the paste, to smooth it, put into an oven it, sfornar it, etc of i furnaces second pile to 75-90 degrees (the Fahrenheit. scale correspondent to 24-32 C), and in the small furnaces rather pi?he less. When?ompiuta l.operazione to make breads, sandwiches etc distribution of the bread. and a considerable part of these garzoni every day, after to have completed the heavy nocturnal job that we have described, of day door the bread in hampers or by hand transports it in carts of house in house, often working also in the furnace between a travel and. To second of the season and the largeness dell.impresa, the job ends between l.una and the six afternoon ones, while un.altra, part of the garzoni work until late, around to the midnight, in the furnace. Durante the London season, the garzoni of the fornai that they sell the bread to price intero., in the Westend, begins regularly to the eleven of night and is occupied in the baking of the bread, with l.interruzione of or two pauses, often much short, until the eight of the following morning then are used until four, five, six, and even to seven afternoon for the transport and distribution of the bread, or, to times, in the baking. Completed the job, they can have six, often only. Of venerd?l job it begins always before, approximately to the ten of evening, and hard without interruption, it is in the preparation, it is in the delivery of the bread, until the evening of the following saturday, to the eight, but for the pi?ino to the four or the five of. Also in the furnaces of qualit?che they sell the bread to prezzo entire, must be dedicated four or five hours of Sunday in preparatorio job for the following day fornai of the underselling masters. (of that they sell the bread to the disotto of the entire price), which pile, as we have observed over, to pi?i three quarters of the fornai London, have hours of job also pi?unghe, but their?imitato job nearly of all to the furnace, poich? they masters, eccettuata the supply to small storees of resale, only sell in just the store cio?l gioved?il job begin to you towards the ten of night and hard with a short interruption until late in the night of Sunday the underselling masters., the bourgeois point of view even comprises that il paid job of the garzoni (the unpaid labour of the men) does not constitute the foundation of their competition. And full priced Baker denunciation concurrent its underselling. to the d.inchiesta commission, like ladri of other people's job and tamperers. Essi they only succeed tricking the public and spremendo from theirs garzoni eighteen hours of job for a twelve salary. of a class of fornai that it sells the bread to the disotto of the normal price they have had development in England from the principle of century XVIII, as soon as it begins? to decay the corporative character of the trade and behind the master fornaio, landladies nominal, placed the capitalist, in the shape of was placed the base of the capitalistica production, of the unbridled extension of the working day and of the nocturnal job, bench?uest.ultimo relation of the investigating committee seriously took foot in London from the 1824, only numbers the garzoni fornai between those laborers of short life, which, after are fortunately escape themselves to the decimation of the children, normal school for all the fields of the class laborer, very rarely catch up quarantaduesimo the year of life trade of fornaio?empre the overload of postulating d.afflusso of these forze-job are, for London, the Scozia, the western agricultural districts d.Inghilterra and the Germany d.Irlanda organized to own great expenses meetings for l.agitazione. The public one taken left for they with Irish ardor, like as an example to the meeting of May to Dublino in. And of fact this movement made to introduce l.esclusivo diurnal job to Wexford, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Waterford etc. Limerick, where the suffering of the every day ones exceeded, com.era famous, every measure, that movement makes them for l.opposizione of the masters of furnaces manifest?ella possible shape pi?ivace, the masters poor in unravelled the movement using their power to fire garzoni. the masters made the resistance pi?ecisa and, perseguitando the garzoni that they were to head dell.agitazione, they forced the rest to yield and to fold themselves. The commission of that English government who in Ireland?rmato until the teeth ago, in tone from mortorio, its rimostranze against the implacable masters of furnaces of Dublino, Limerick, Cork etc Il committee thinks that the working hours are limited from natural laws that cannot impunemente be. The masters force their laborers, under lay-off threat, violare the own religious convictions, to disubbidire. To hold in not cale the public opinion (all this one refers to the domenicale job). con ci?si provokes to bad one blood between understood them and job and d?n dangerous example for the religion, of the working day to of l?elle twelve hours is a usurpatorio participation in the private and domestic life dell.operaio and leads to turns out to you disastrous moral, for l.intrusione in the domestic life of a man and nell.adempimento of its familiar duties like son. a exceeding job the twelve hours stretches to minare the health of the worker, leads to premature premature aging and a.morte, therefore all.infelicit?elle families of the workers, that they come private (are deprived.) of the cure and the support of the head of the family, just in the moment in which they are pi?ecessari.. dall.altra part of the Channel dell.aratro, denunciation its job of thirteen or fourteen hours, completed in a climate of the pi?spri, with four hours of additional job for. At the same time, in front of a Grand Jury of London, they are three workers of the railroads: a controller, a machinist, a signaler a great railway catastrophe has sent all.altro world hundred of passengers, and the cause of the disaster?a negligence of the employees these declares unanimously in front of swears to you: Dieci or twelve years or are our job lasted only eight hours to the day during last the five or six years?pinto until fourteen, eighteen and twenty hours and, in the cases of affluence of travellers pi?orte of the usual, like in the periods of the trains for the excursions, the?urato job often forty or fifty hours, without interruption. To a sure point ours force-job comes to lack. The brain stops to think and l.occhio to see. Respectable the British juryman., just absolutely rispettabile, answers with a verdict that sends those workers in front of the Assizes, for manslaughter. (culpable homicide). but it expresses, in a delicate one codicillo, the devout desire that the getlteman magnates of the understood one them of the railroads want, for the future, it are a po. pi?cialacquatori nell.acquisto of the necessary number of forze-job. and pi?temperanti., or pi?economi. or. ready all.abnegazione., in the smungimento della. all the professions, of all et?di the both seies, than are locked to us round, with pi?mpazienza of the spirits of the victims of a murder around to Ulisse, and on the faces of which, without need to watch the blue books that they have sottobraccio, the job overload is noticed from the first moment, chooses still two figures, which, just perch?os?ontrastanti between they, try that all the men are equal in front of the understood one them:. During the last weeks of the june the 1863 all London daily paper brought back a piece with l.insegna sensational.: Death from simple overwork (Dead women from simple overload of job). it dealt of the dead women of crestaia the Mary Anne Walkley, of twenty years, occupied in rispettabilissimo a laboratory of court taken advantage of from one the resting mrs. from name of Elisa. many times told, that these girls work in average sixteen hours and means, but during the season also often for trent.ore of continuation, while theirs. force-job. that it comes to lack vien held in motion with eventual somministrazioni of Sherry, of wine of Port or caff?era just the beautiful and ready apex of the season in striking d.occhio, the magnificent ones dressed of gaia of noble ladies for the dance in honor of the prince of Wales, from little. Mary Anne Walkley had worked ventisei hours and average without interruption, together to others sixty girls, thirty for room, in a room that as soon as it could contain a third party of the necessary d.aria cubature, while the nights slept two to two in a bed, in one of the obtained soffocanti holes cramming several walls of wood in one single room give. And this was one of the best laboratories than mode than London. Walkley s.ammal?l venerd? mor?a Sunday, without neppur having before ended l.ultimo piece dell.ornamento, with great wonder of the mrs.. The doctor, Mr. Keys, called too much late to the bed of the moribonda, placed in front of. Coroner.s jury. with these sand banks words: . Mary Anne Walkley?orta of long working hours in overcrowded laboratory and tight dormitory too much and badly ventilated. to the doctor one lesson of good ways, the Coroner.s jury, dichiar?nvece: la passed away?orta of apoplexy, but c.?agione to fear that its dead women have been hurried from overload of job in laboratory. The Morning Star, organ of the getlteman of the free exchange Cobden and Bright, exclaimed: . our enslaved white men, than s.affaticano a.morte, languono and die in Hush. To work a.morte?ll.ordine of the day, not only in the laboratories of the crestaie, but in thousand places, every place where. We take as example fabbro the blacksmith must believe the poets, not c.?omo and allegro energetic pi?el fabbro. S.alza the morning soon and ago to jump sparkes to the cospetto of the sun closely eats and drinks and sleeps like no other physicist, the fabbro is found, if it works normally, in a workload that comes leaned to quest.uomo strongly. and that place takes in it lists of mortalit?el the our country of pi?asti the quarters of London), the fabbri die to the average of the trentun for thousand all.anno, cio?ndici to of over of the average of the mortalit?ei adult males in nearly instinctive England like the other limbs of the men, and in s? for s? irreprensibile, becomes distruttrice dell.uomo, by means of the simple one. The fabbro to pu?attere the hammer many times, to the day, to make many steps, to breathe many times, to complete job so much living in average, we say, cinquant.anni. hammer blows in pi?a making many steps in pi?a breathing many times. in complex, its dispendio of life increases. It holds head to the effort, and the result?he he completes a quarter of job in pi?er a limited period and dies to trentasette years instead that to fifty. production, it considers you from the point of view of the valorization process, exists alone in order to absorb job and, with every drop of job. they make this, their simple existence constitutes for the capitalist a poich?durante negative loss the time in which they remain inoperosi, they represent un.inutile advance of understood them. and this loss hardly becomes positive l.interruzione in their employment renders necessary additional expenses for recommencing the job extension of the day, to of l?ei limits of the natural day, until within the night, only operates like palliative, calm only approximately the silks from vampiro that the understood one it has them of the alive blood. Therefore, l.istinto immanent of the capitalistica production?i to physically take control job during all ventiquattro the hours the?mpossibile poich?uesto day, when they come absorbed continuously, day and night, same the force-job, then, in order to exceed l.ostacolo physicist, c.?isogno to alternate the force-job methods as an example pu?sser regulated so that a part of the personal laborer supplies for one week to the diurnal service, for following to. It is known that this system of the turns, this spin, predominated in the juvenile period, healthy, dell.industria English cotoniera and of the others that, between l.altro, blooms presently in the filande of cotton of governatorato of Moscow the production of ventiquattro continuous hours it exists still today as it arranges up to now in many remained coppers dell.industria of Great Britain. free, between the others in the high furnaces, the ironworks, the rollings-mill and other metallurgical workshops dell.Inghilterra, of Wales and the Scozia. working process it embraces here, beyond ventiquattro the hours of the six days of job, also, in great part, ventiquattro the hours of. The laborers are men and women, adults and children dell.uno and L.et?ei children and of the adolescents cover all the intermediate degrees, from the eight years (in some cases from the six) to the eighteen. In some branches also the women and the giovinette work together of night. Made abstraction from the injurious effects the same duration of the production process, without interruptions in ventiquattro the hours, she offers un.occasione, much welcome, in order to exceed the limit of the working day nominal d.industria remembers you little ago, that they are much laborious, the official working day piles for every laborer to twelve hours to the maximum. ?in many cases. truly frightful. (truly fearful.), in order to use the Mente human not pu, it says the relation. to reflect to quantit?i the completed job that vien, to how much they say the depositions of the witnesses, from children from the nine to the twelve years, without to reach the conclusion irresistibilmente that such abuse of being able of the parents and the employers. in a generalized manner, to diurnal and nocturnal turns, it leads to a vergognoso extension of the day as well as in the moments of overhong of the transactions how much during the normal school run of the things extension?rudele, but not only quite incredible to avoid that one of the children of the turn of reciprocation remains and l?ssente here, for one cause or l.altra: and then or pi?ei presents, that they have gi?ompiuto their working day, must occupy the place. This system?os?oto to all how many, than the director d.un rolling-mill, to my question as it came occupied the place of the children of the turn of reciprocation remained absent, answered: . I know well that it knows how much to it me, and admitted senz.altro the fact. working normal school lasted from the six of the mattino until the five and average one of evening, a boy lavor?uattro nights to the week, extending fine the job for less to the eight and average afternoon ones of the day. Un other, to nine years, had worked to pi?iprese for three turns of job of twelve hours l.uno, of continuation, and to ten years, two days and two nights of continuation. that hour has ten years, for three nights it had worked from the six of morning to midnight and other nights until the nine of evening. it has thirteen years, it has worked from the six afternoon ones until the noon of the day following for all a week and, often, it has made three turns of continuation, as an example from the morning of the luned? marted?otte.. fifth, than hour it has twelve years, foundry to Stavely from the six of morning to the midnight for fourteen days of row, and hour has worked in one. George Allinsworth, of nine years: Sono come here venerd?corso. the morning after we had to begin to the three of morning, cos?imasi here all the night slept on the pavement, with an apron of leather under and one giacchetta. The others two days I was here to the six of morning. Before coming here I was to the same job, in a high furnace in campaign, nearly for an entire year morning the saturday, always, but at least I could go to sleep to house. the other days I began the morning to the six to I ended to the six or the seven of evening etc. We feel hour as the same understood one them it means this system of ventiquattro the hours under Hush the extreme shapes, l.abuso that vien made some for incredible extensions crudeli and. of the working day. the understood one it only speaks them about the system in its shape normale.. of steel mills, that they employ from the six hundred the seven hundred persons, solos the ten for one hundred di.le which under the eighteen years and of these employ still only twenty boys like nocturnal staff, are expressed as it follows: I boys at all do not suffer for the heat arms work day and night to turns, per?utto l.altro diurnal job?avoro, from the six of morning to the six of evening working hours goes from the twelve to always twelve of night without alternation of diurnal job and nocturnal job. We do not find that the nocturnal job and the diurnal job make difference as far as the health (the health of the Naylor getlteman and Vickers similarly people sleeps better if has always the same hours of rest. Approximately twenty boys under the eighteen years. We could not make it us (not well I give) without the nocturnal job of boys under the eighteen years would be: l.aumento of the production costs specializes and heads to you unit, but boys if they can some obtain how many if. Naturally, given the small proportion of boys who we employ, limitations of the nocturnal job would be of insufficient importance shake it between men and boys, and just. day and night to turns for a part of the heavy job to the iron and all.acciaio, it declares that in the heavy job all.acciaio boys are one or two every two men count five hundred boys under the eighteen years and, of these, a third party approximately, cio?entosettanta, under i. C$r-with regard to the modification of the law that came proposed, Mr. Ellis opina: Non creed that would be what much reprehensible one (very objection able) not to make to work no person under eighteen years beyond the twelve hours on ventiquattro. not creed that, above the twelve years, can be fixed one whichever line beyond which the boys can be dispensed from the job. We would prefer quite that he was forbidden to employ, in kind, boys under the thirteen years or also under the fourteen, rather d.una prohibition than to use during night i. The boys of the turn of day must alternate themselves to the job also in the turns of night, perch?li men cannot work continuously of night: he would ruin their health we believe however that the nocturnal job is not injurious, if made to. (the getlteman Naylor and Vickers believed, viceversa, in agreement with l.interesse of their industry, than not continuous the nocturnal job, but just that one to alternated periods could succeed. Noi we find that the men that they complete the nocturnal job to alternated turns are equally healthy that those that they only work of. Our objections against the prohibition to d.impiegare boys under the eighteen years to the nocturnal job would be made for via dell.aumento of the expense, but this?.unica reason (than cynical. Crediamo that this increase would be pi?i how much l.azienda (the trade) could honestly sopportare, held the debit account of the happened one to obtain itself from its exercise (as the trade. Qui the job?carso and could come to lack, if there were regulations of the kind (cio?Ellis, Brown & Co to fall in the fatal embarrassment of having to pay the value completely, are esercite on same large-scale of those of the above-mentioned John Brown & Co had delivered for enrolled its deposition testifies them to commissioner governmental White, but then trov?i?onveniente sopprimere the manuscript that was given back it for the review. It remembers with extreme precision that for those getlteman ciclopi the prohibition of the nocturnal job of children and adolescents was. impossible it would be the same one that to close their workshops: nevertheless their enterprise little counts pi?el six for hundreds of boys to the disotto of the eighteen years and only l.un for hundreds to the disotto. Sanderson, of the company Sanderson, laminated Bros., of Attercliffe, declares: . From the prohibition to make to work of night adolescent to the disotto of the eighteen years they would derive large. The difficolt?aggiore would derive dall.aumento of the costs, that it would accompany of necessit?na substitution of the job of children with. I cannot say to how much would pile, but probably it would not be much to allow the manufacturer to raise the price dell.acciaio and, consequently, the loss you would fall back on he, poich?li men (than outlandish people. Mr. Sanderson does not know the how many satisfied children, but. perhaps the sum piles to four or five scellini to head to. The job of the boys?i a type pel which, in a generalized manner. (. generaily., naturally not always in ispecie.) la force of the boys?er l.appunto sufficient and, consequently, would not derive from the greater force of the men no gain in order to compensate the loss, or only in the little cases in which. N?li men would gladly see not to have under of s?ei boys, poich?li men is less obedient of i. And then, the boys must begin from children in order to learn. Limiting the boys to the single diurnal job, he would not catch up himself. Perch? boys cannot learn men who work to turns weeklies magazine alternating nocturnal job and diurnal job would come separates to you from the boys of their turn during met?el time and would lose met?el profit that they draw from the boys. L.avviamento that comes given from the men to the boys comes in fact calculated like part of the working salary of these same boys, therefore it puts the devout men in a position to having? good market the job of i. Every man would lose met?el its profit. Sanderson getlteman would have to pay of own pocket, instead that with the nocturnal job of the boys, a part of the salary of adult the profit of the Sanderson getlteman would come down a po., in this occasion, and?uesta the good sandersoniana reason for which the boys cannot learn of day their trade). Moreover, this would throw on the adults, than hour they come replaces to you from the children, the weight d.un continuous nocturnal job, ch.essi not. Insomma: the difficolt?arebbero cos?randi, to probably lead to the complete abolition of the nocturnal job. Sanderson says: Per how much regards the production dell.acciaio, taken for has to make other very that to produce steel. a simple pretest for the production of the unearned increment, the buildings, blots them of it, the iron, the coal etc, has to make other very that to transform itself in steel pluslavoro and, naturally, of it they suck pi?n 24 hours that in 12. fact, they damage to the Sanderson, for grace of God and of the law, one changes them to draft on the time of job of a sure number of arms during all the twenty four hours of the day and forgiveness their character of understood them, therefore are pure loss for the Sanderson, as soon as expensive one comes interrupted their function to suck job then would be taken place the loss deriving from a machinery much that would remain inactive for met?el time in order to obtain the mass of products that we are in a position to supplying with the present system, we would have to double the premises and the machinery, that it would double. But perch?roprio this Sanderson expects privileges nei confronts degli other capitalists, that they can make to only work of day and whose buildings, machinery, raw materials, remains therefore inatti to you. Sanderson answers, in name of all the Sanderson: E. true that this loss deriving from the inactive machinery hits all the manufactures in which is only worked of day l.uso of held the fusori furnaces would cause an ignited extraordinary loss, sciupa of the fuel (instead of which hour sciupa the fuel dell.operaio). se they do not come held ignited, one is had loss of time in relighting the fire and in order to catch up the necessary degree of heat (while the loss of time for the sleep, also from part of children of eight years?uadagno of time of job for the stirpe of the Sanderson). then the furnaces would suffer from the change of temperature (while these same furnaces do not suffer null for l.alternarsi of the job. THE FIGHT FOR THE NORMAL WORKING DAY. EXTENSION OF THE WORKING DAY FROM THE GOAL OF THE SEC. Che cos.?na working day. quantit?el the time during which the understood one them to pu?onsumare the force-job of which it pays the value d.una day point the working day to pu?ssere extended to of l?el time of necessary job for the reproduction of the same force-job. S.?isto that to these questions the understood one answers them: the working day counts ventiquattro complete hours to the day, detratte the little hours of rest without which the force-job ricusa absolutely of. In the first place?vidente that l.operaio, during all the time of its life, not?ltro that force-job and perci?he all the its time available?per nature and right, time of job, and therefore belongs alla. human, for the intellectual development, l.adempimento of social functions, sociable relationships, the free clearance of the physical and mental vital energies, the domenicale festive time and is even pure nella. blind impulse, in its voracit?a lupo mannaro of pluslavoro, scavalca not only the limits maximum moral of the working day, but increase, the development and the healthy conservation of the body. ?ndispensabile in order to consume free air and solar light of the meal and incorporates it, where?ossibile, in the same production process, cosicch?l working vien given the pure food like to and a simple one half of production, like d?arbone to the vapor boiler, like d?Riduce the healthy sleep that it serves to collect, to renew, to refresh the vital energies, to many hours of torpore how many of it render the ravvivamento of an organism indispensable absolutely. Here?a normal conservation of the force-job not to determine the limit of the working day, but, viceversa?l maximum possible dispendio every day of force-job, for coatto and morbosamente painful how much, to determine the limit of the time of rest. The understood one them it is not taken care of the duration of the life. Those that interests to it?nicamente and only the maximum of force-job that to pu?ssere rendered liquid in one day. It obtains this scope abbreviando the duration of the force-job, as an eager agriculturist obtains increases to you to proceeds from the ground robbing some the fertilit?lavorativa, the capitalistica production, than?ssenzialmente production of unearned increment, absorption of pluslavoro, it does not produce therefore only the deperimento of the human force-job, than vien derubata of its normal conditions of development and performance, moral and physical. but it produces also to l.esaurimento and the premature extinction of the force-job. It extends the time of production dell.operaio within a given term, by means of l.accorciamento of the time that these has living includes per?nche the value of the necessary goodses for the reproduction dell.operaio or for the perpetuazione of the class laborer. Therefore, if the extension against nature of the working day, to which it stretches of necessit?l understood them in its sregolato instinct to value if same, abbrevia the period of life of the laborers and, with it, the duration of theirs force-job, becomes necessary pi?apida a substitution of the worn away laborers, therefore it becomes necessary sottoporsi to greater costs of wearing down in the reproduction of the force-job, just like the part of value of one machine to reproduce daily?anto pi?rande, logorio how much pi?apido?l of. Therefore it seems that the understood one normal working day understood them is induced them from its same interest to one that to have replaced with a new expenditure on the market of. But: le risaie of the Georgia and the swamps of the Mississippi are sure destructive and fatal for the human constitution: however the demanded sperpero of human life from the cultivation of these districts not?os?rande from not being able to be compensated with the straboccanti reservoirs della. to offer one some guarantee of human treatment for the slaves, identifying l.interesse of the master with the conservation of the slave, but, after l.introduzione of the draft of the slaves, those considerations are transformed in reasons of extreme ruin of the slave, poich?dal moment that its overwhelmed place pu?sser with l.importazione from foreign reservoirs, the duration of its life becomes less important of produttivit?i the this life finch?ura. of slaves?assima dell.impiego of slaves who l.economia pi?fficace consists in spremere the greater possible rendering in pi?reve the possible time from the human cattle (human chattle). tropical cultivations, where often the profits anniversaries equal the total understood one them of the plantations, the life of the black persons comes. Just quell.agricoltura of the Western Indians, than from centuries is crib of fastosa wealth, has swallowed yields is available in million and where the piantatori are principles, we see that great part of the class of the slaves, to part the incessant nutriment extremely rozzo and vessazioni accanitissime and?ndirettamente destroyed of year in year from the slow torture of the sopralavoro and the lack of sleep and rest. Instead of draft of the slaves, you read labor market, instead of Kentucky and Virginia you read to Ireland and agricultural districts d.Inghilterra, Scozia and Wales, instead of Africa, you read overloaded Germany of job sweeps via the fornai of London, nevertheless the London market of the straboccante job?empre of candidates to the dead women, Germans and of other countries, ready to enter in the furnaces. the ceramics?no of the coppers dell.industria that grant ceramics life pi?reve. modern, than of origin?n common laborer, dichiar?el 1785, in front of the House of common, that l.intera manufacture occupied from 15 to. In 1861, the population of the sun city centers of that industry. In the period of three generations of the English race it has divorato nine generations of laborers cotton-spinners. Sure, in single periods of febrile overhong, the labor market has revealed worrisome gaps, as as an example in the 1834, getlteman manufacturers they proposed to the Poor Law Commissioners to send to the north the sovrappopolazione. of the rural districts, explaining that. These were their own words with the permission of the Poor Law Commissioners. working agricultural that came delivered to these agents accorrevano in the offices and, after that they had chosen those that they convene, dall.Inghilterra southern came sent the families. These human packages came sent with their labels, like merchandise bales, for via d.acqua or on wagon-goodses some set offed and much erravano, dispersed and semihungry on foot, for the manifacturing districts. The thing svilupp?n a true branch of commerce difficultly creder?ma the this regular commerce, this traffic of human meat, continu?quegli men came buys to you and sold from the agents of Manchester to the manufacturers of Manchester with same regolarit?elle the sales of black persons to the piantatori of cotton of the States of the south. L.anno 1860 segn?o cotoniera dell.industria zenith. The manufacturers returned to address to the meat agents, and costoro rovistarono dunes of the Dorset, hills of the Devon and the flat ones of the Wilts, but the sovrappopolazione was gi?tata divorata.. Bury Guardian complained that, after the conclusion of the treaty they trades anglo French, they could come absorbed diecimila arms adds them and that, soon, they would have been some necessary between the trentamila and. After that the agents and sub the agents of that commerce of human meat had frugato tiny nearly without result, in 1860, the agricultural districts, una deputazione of manufacturers addressed Mr. Villiers, president of the Poor law board (Committee for the poor ones with the demand to allow of new making to come the sons of the poor ones and capitalist a constant sovrappopolazione, cio?na sovrappopolazione relatively to the momentary need of valorization of the understood one them, bench?l flow of such sovrappopolazione is constituted from rachitiche generations, of short life, than they are replaced quickly l.una all.altra, collections, for cos?ire, before the maturation. Sure, l.esperienza extension, d.altra part, intelligent all.osservatore, with how much rapidit? profondit?a capitalistica production, which, historically speaking, given hardly from yesterday, intaccato to the vital root l.energia of the people, like the constant absorption of coming from integral vital elements from the campaign carries only a sure slowing down to the degeneration of the population, as they begin to even deperire the agricultural workers, although l.aria free and the principle of natural selection that it dominates in cos?nnipotente way between of they only concurring the survival of the individuals pi?orti. The understood one them, that it has cos? good reasons. in order to deny the suffering of the generation of workers that encircles it, in its effective movement it does not come influenced from the perspective of a future imputridimento dell.umanit? of a finally uncontrollable spopolamento, n?i??eno of how much on it it influences the possibilit?ella fallen of the earth on. Everyone knows, in every cheat of speculation on the actions, than the thunderstorm once or l.altra it must burst, but everyone hopes not before that the lightning falls on the head of its next one, and that it has collected and carried to sure the rain d.oro. ?l maxim of every capitalist and every nation capitalistica. understood does not have them cares for the health and the duration of the life dell.operaio, when it is not forced to such cares from the societ?Al I complain for the physical and mental deperimento, for the dead women premature, for the torture of the sopralavoro, the understood one answers them: it would have such I torment to torment we, from the moment that increases our pleasure (But, considering the phenomenon in its complex, all ci?on it depends do not give the good one or bad volont?el capitalist single free competition makes to be worth the immanent laws of the capitalistica production as it reads coercive external in the comparisons of the normal capitalist?l turned out of one multisecular fight between capitalist and Per?a history of this fight extension two currents contrapposte. It is confronted, as an example, the contemporary English legislation on the factories with the English statutos of the job from the sec. While the modern law on the factories shortens the working day coercively, those statutos try to lengthen it coercively. Sure, the pretensions of the understood one them to the embryonic state, in its first one to become, therefore when it assures its right to absorb one quantit?ufficiente of pluslavoro not still by means of the pure and simple force of the economic relationships, but also with l.ausilio of the power of the State, are in all and for all modest, if they are confronted with the concessions that?ostretto to make, ringhiando and resisting, in et?dulta. centuries perch?l libero. much working adapted voluntarily, in consequence of the development of the capitalistico way of production, cio?ia social forced to sell for the price of its means of subsistence accustom them l.intero its active period of life, indeed, its capacit?tessa of job, extension of the working day is forced to sell its primogenitura., than the understood one it tries them to impose for coercion be them the adult laborers, from the met?XIV until the end of the sec. XVII, it coincides all.incirca with the limit of the time of job that in the second one met?el sec. traced here and l?da part of the State, to the blood transformation. Those that today, as an example in the State of the Massachussetts, than up to now?o Be pi?ibero of the republic American of the north, comes proclamato like statutory limit to the job of the children under the twelve years, was in England, still to. XVII, the normal working day of craftsmen in the full load of the forces, of sturdy agricultural servants and giganteschi fabbri blacksmiths. anno of the reign of Edoardo III, 1349) the cause had its immediate pretest (not, poich?a legislation of this type lasts for centuries without that pretest) in the great plague that had decimated the population, cosicch?come says one writer tory, the difficolt?i to make to work laborers to reasonable prices. (cio? prices that left who employed the quantit?agionevole laborers one of pluslavoro) era become. Therefore they came tax of law by force reasonable salaries and cos?ure the Quest.ultimo point, than here?.unico that us interests?ipetuto in the charter of 1496 (under Enrico WAYS). working day had to then last, that per?on it was never obtained, for all the agricultural craftsmen (artzficers) and workers, in the period from March to september, the five of morning end between seven and you eight of evening, but the hours of the meal piled to un.ora for the first breakfast, un.ora and average for the meal of the noon and mezz.ora for the meal of the four: cio?roprio the double quantity of how much?oncesso from the law on the factories enforced hour. Nell.inverno had to be worked from the five of the mattino until all.imbrunire, with the same interruptions of 1562, for all the workers. it engages to you to day on salary or to week and, it leaves the duration of the day intact working, but it tries to only limit the intervals to two hours and average in order to un.ora, while il afternoon sleep of one mezz.ora. to only have allowed from met?aggio to met?gosto. For every hour of absence to have detratto a penny (approximately 8 pfennig) from the practical salary, the situation of the workers was pi?avorevole that in the book. The father political dell.economia, than in sure l.inventore way?nche of statistics, William Petty, says in one written from he published nell.ultimo third party of the sec. men, properly, then, agricultural workers). they work ten hours to the day and make twenty meal the week, cio?re to the day in the work days to you and two Sundays donde one looks at clearly that, if they wanted to digiunare the venerd?era and if they wanted to dedicate to the average meal of noon un.ora and, while hour they need of two hours, from the eleven all.una of morning, if therefore they worked for twentieth of devout? they consumed twentieth less us could be procacciare the tenth one dell.imposta over remembered. Andrew Ure, to accuse with high grida the bill of the twelve hours of 1833 to d.essere a regresso towards Certo, the rules of the statutos and those cited from the Petty are worth also for apprentices. (the apprentices). following lamentela the situation of the job of the children to the end of century XVII is still looked at: I our boys, here in England, do not make nothing of all until the moment becoming apprentices then have need, naturally, much time seven years. in order to become craftsmen. Instead the Germany is celebrated, perch?uivi the children comes raises end to you from the crib at least. to some po. of occupation. Still for the greater part of the sec. until all.epoca of the great industry, to the understood one them not?iuscito in England to d.impadronirsi dell.intera week dell.operaio. payment of the value weekly magazine of the force-job, eccezion made however for the agricultural workers living an entire week with the salary of four days did not seem to the laborers sufficient reason in order to work for the capitalist also. A part of the English economists, to the service of the understood one them, denounced this stubbornness in the way pi?abbiosa. un.altra part defended the laborers between the Postlethwayt, whose dictionary then trades them godeva of the same reputation of which today they enjoy written analogous the MacCulloch and the MacGregor, and gi?itato author dell.Essay on Trade and Commerce. The Postlethwayt says between l.altro: . I cannot conclude these little observations, without to find the way to say current in mouth to too many persons, than if the worker (industrious poor) to pu?ttenere in five days a lot that the pack-saddles for living it does not want to work six entire days necessary to rincarare also pi?ecessari means of subsistence, for means of taxes or with whichever other means, in order to force l.artigiano and l.operaio of the manufacture to an uninterrupted job of six days to. They are forced to ask allowed to d.essere different d.opinione from that one of these great politicians, that they fight for schiavit?erpetua of the working population (the perpetual slavery of the working people) of this reign they forget proverbio all work and the not play. (only job and nothing giuochi). English of the genialit? of the skill of their craftsmen and their laborers of the manufactures, that they have procurato up to now to the goodses. Which circumstance must this fact. Probably to nient.altro that to the way with which the our population for all l.anno, for ognuna of the six days of the week, in continuous repetition of the same operation, it would not remain any obtuse theirs genialit? they would not become lazy and stupid, instead of being ready and skillful, and in seguito>